Cerebral Cortex Research Paper

Q1: The cerebral cortex is a highly organized, six layered structure (L1-6) with a variety of excitatory and inhibitory cell types. Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons make up 80% of the cortex and consist of pyramidal and spiny stellate (granule) neurons. Inhibitory (GABAergic) neurons make up only 20% of the cortex and consist of four different subtypes: non-fast spiking serotonin expressing GABAergic neurons, martinotti cells, basket cells, and chandelier cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013; Shipp, 2007). The total number of neuronal cells in the adult human cortex is 21.4 billion for females and 26.3 billion for males; however, there are also non-neuronal cells present in the cortex (Pelvig, Pakkenberg, Stark, & Pakkenberg, 2008). The major non-neuronal cells are glial cells and consist of: oligodendrocytes (75% of non-neuronal cells), astrocytes (20%) and microglia (5%) (Pelvig et al., 2008). The layering of the cortex is highly organized, with specific cell bodies located in each layer. Layer 1 receives input from other cortical layers as well as subcortical layers and is comprised solely of inhibitory neurons, although there are axons and dendrites that project onto these neurons in addition to non-neuronal cells (Petersen & Crochet, 2013). Layers 2/3 are difficult to differentiate from one another, and often referred to as the supragranular layers. These layers contain medium sized pyramidal cells that have densely packed and highly aligned apical dendrites and make

Creating the world's first Z-Bomb, would have to be the most dangerous thing that could happen to humans. Turning them into Zombies, it would entirely change the characteristics of a human being and its brain. Although both living, Zombies have drastic defects towards certain aspects of the body. This Z-bomb won’t necessarily turn humans into zombies, but rather give humans zombie-ish characteristics.

The brain stem or the medulla is the closest to the spinal cord. The brainstem is responsible for most of the human bodily functions. The brain stem is critical for human survival and normal human functions. The brain stem is also responsible for information of pain and touch from the head and neck; it is also responsible for the inputs from the face and the mouth. Reticular formation is a group of neurons, nuclei, that are important for sleep and wakefulness. In reticular formation there is nuclei that are a major source of neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonin is important for regulating mood and activities.

The brain is the most important organ for regulating human behavior and thought. The brain is very complex and has taken centuries to discover how it functions. The brain is separated into four distinct regions or lobes. These regions are called the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe, and the parietal lobe. The frontal lobe is located directly behind the forehead and is the brain region that controls higher level thinking such as memory, planning, and judgment. The frontal lobe also contains motor cortex which allows voluntary movements. Another vital brain region is the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe can be found in the back of the brain. Its job is to process and store visual information. The occipital lobe

Taking a journey with your mind through the stories of reading a novel is a positive enhancement to proper brain function. In reference to the study of proper brain function and how reading a novel can improve the reader’s connectivity on a level of higher brain function; make myself think on my past neglect of not picking up a fiction book and exploring a novel for myself. Reading is the key to unlocking untapped potential in imagination with reading a book that challenges you to become one with the Arthur. The only way to truly free your mind and push the boundaries of proper brain function is to become an enthusiasm of reading fiction books.

The part of the brain that I picked is the Cerebellum. The Cerebellum is the part of the brain at the back of the skull in the vertebrates. Its function is to coordinate and regulate muscular activity. The Cerebellum is located behind the top part of the brain stem, it is where the spinal cord meets the brain, the Cerebellum is made of two hemispheres. The Cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other different parts of the brain, and then it also regulates motor movements. The Cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, and then it results in smooth and balanced muscular activity.

The cerebral cortex is the largest outer most part of the brain. It consist of tissue known as gray matter which is made of neuronal bodies. The optimal function of the cerebral cortex is vitally important. All information necessary to sustain life is stored and processed in the cerebral cortex. The tissue are divided into the left and right sides which are joined together by the corpus callosum. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes, the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe. Each area carrying its own set of functions and responsibilities. These four lobes together make up the primary somatosensory area of the brain which controls the five sensory systems in the brain taste, olfaction, touch, hearing and vision. These systems receive sensory information from the thalamic nerve projections. The primary motor area of the brain consist of a much smaller area located within

The brains left and right hemisphere are filled mainly with axons connecting the cortex to the brains other regions

Today, information is anywhere and everywhere. Within several minutes of messing around with your smart phone and you will get practically every bit of information on just about everything. This has created an urban society by which everyone is aware of everything in their own environment and themselves, such as the chemical processes inside their bodies that constitute life. Combine this with the current bombardment by a lot of promotional initiatives that inform us about new products that are proposed to be possible to in enhancing our cognitive functioning, and the possibilities for brain enhancement become very tangible. The array of brain supplements and nootropics is incredibly wide and various. The fundamental question: do they actual

Within the two hemispheres are four lobes: the occipital lobes, pariental lobes, temporal lobes, and frontal lobes. The occipital lobes are responsible for visual processing including shapes, color, and motion. The pariental lobes, located in front of the occipital lobes, are involved in touch sensatino and monitoring the body's position. Located below the pariental lobes are the temporal lobes, which are involved with hearing and language. In the very front of the brain, behind the forehead, the frontal lobes are found. The frontal lobes are responsible for the coordination of movement and higher mental process such as planning, social skills,

The brain is composed of 3 main structural divisions, the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brainstem. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull, it is divided into right and left hemispheres it is involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement. Functionally, it obtains information from your surroundings then sends that information to a specific part of the cerebrum. The cerebrum interprets the knowledge and decides what must happen next. The cerebrum, holds the instructions for everything you do in your daily life. The cerebellum sits at the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. Most body movements require the coordination of multiple muscle groups. Times muscle

The cerebral cortex is the outer portion of the brain that covers the cerebrum and the cerebellum (1.5 mm to 5 mm thick). It is the layer of the brain known as the gray matter. This portion of the brain is further divided into four lobes for classification, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital. Our most complex mental activities like speech, memory, problem solving, planning, awareness, and the execution of complex responses in the world are controlled by the cerebral cortex. Hence monitoring the cerebral cortex for various disorders becomes extremely important for proper diagnosis and care.

Neuroimaging can be a useful tool in detecting physical abnormalities in the brain. Most people with a severe brain injury will show an abnormality in a neuro-imaging test. These scans cannot detect all types of brain injuries, so it is possible to have a severe brain injury and be in a coma even though the scan results are normal.

In my personal opinion, I think the cerebellum is the main part of the human brain, in fact I think is the brain part that make us uniquely human. The cerebellum receives information from sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movement. It coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination and speech resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. The cerebellum looks like a small brain, I read in the textbook, (page 87) that Cerebellum means Little brain and I found that very amusing to read about. It is amazing how the cerebellum has such importance in our body,in page 87 we can see a clear of example how people can sit upright because the cerebellum controls all the

The cortex consists of four sections, called "lobes". The frontal lobe is connected to reasoning, planning, speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with balance, recognizing, and movement. The occipital lobe is associated with vision. The temporal lobe is connected to hearing, memory, and speech. The cortex is highly wrinkled, making the brain more convenient, as this increases the brain's surface area, giving it more room for neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres- the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere. The right hemisphere is associated with creativity, and the left one is linked with logic. A bundle of nerve fibers, known as the corpus callosum connects these "hemispheres" (Brain Structures and their Functions). The cerebellum, which is also known as the "little brain", is similar to the cerebrum, since it also has two hemispheres and a highly folded surface. This part of the brain is linked with movement and balance. The cerebellum is assumed to be older than the cerebrum "evolutionarily" (Brain Structures and Their Functions). The brain stem controls basic life functions such as blood pressure, breathing, and heartbeat. Scientists say that the brain stem is the simplest part of the brain (Brain Structures and Their Functions).