Cerebral Echocardiography Analysis

Cardiovascular Assessment: No visible pulsations, no heaves or lifts. Apical pulse present in the fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. Auscultation of apical rate 62 beats per minute, normal rhythm regular S1 - S2 heart sounds present. Pulsations present when supine and disappear at a 45 degree angle position. Extremities are brown color without redness, cyanosis, lesions or varicosities bilaterally. Temperature warm bilaterally, Allen test was negative. Homan’s sign negative. Carotids: +2 and present bilaterally. Right Radial +2, left radial +1 , Right Brachial: +2

Patient S is a seventy-eight-year-old male who presented to the ED in Rushville on October 25th with signs and symptoms of a stroke. These symptoms were leaning to the left side, a left facial droop, weakness in the left arm, and ataxia. The patient has no history of stroke. Patient S was admitted to 4-G in Memorial for a right-sided ischemic stroke. The patient has a history of atrial fibrillation (A-Fib), hyperlipidemia, bleeding problems, hypertension, sleep apnea, and a pacemaker. Patient S lives at home with his wife. Patient S was independent before the stroke. On October 13th, the patient had surgery of lumbar stenosis on L3, L4, and L5. The patient and wife reported increased serosanguinous drainage that soaked the dressing. Patient denied fever or pain at incision site. The doctor decreased Warfarin from 5 milligrams (mg) to 2.5 mg and prescribed a full dose of aspirin.

These blockages are often caused by blood clots, which can form either in the arteries connecting to the brain, or further away before being swept through the bloodstream and into narrower arteries within the brain. Clots can be caused by fatty deposits within the arteries called plaque.

Complications that threaten a person's life may develop soon after stroke symptoms occur. The complications of CVS recurrence can be divided into medical complications (related to bed ridden, extremities) and neurological complication (Stroke Association. 2015).

This has the effect to produce contrast between vascular structures and surrounding soft tissues. Depending on the timing of imaging after IV injection arteries veins or soft tissues are highlighted. For the purposes of acute evaluation of stroke as is described above an initial non contrats CT scan is performed , followed immediately afterwards by a CT angiogram to evaluate vascular structures from aortic arch to the vertex. This technique is very accurate for diagnosing occlusion of any of the cerebral arteries be they intracranial or extracranial. It will also diagnose the presence of stenosis or dissection of the carotid arteries or middle cerebral arteries. From these images reconstructions of intracranial and extracranial cerebral arteries can be made. A contrast enhanced cerebral angiogram is essential for the planning of thrombectomy as it will provide precise anatomy of cerebral arteries, any stenosis or thrombus in each

parietal, and posterior temporal lobes. Proximal atherosclerotic stenosis of the vertebral or basilar artery is a course

Studies \cite{RANGER2014519,ranger2013multidimensional,BARTOCCI2006109,slater2008well} have shown that there is an association between changes in cerebral oxygenation and pain. The most popular methods to measure the cerebral oxygenation changes are Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). fMRI is a safe method for measuring the brain hemodynamic activity. It produces an activation map that shows which parts of the brain get activated during an emotional event such as pain. NIRS is similar to fMRI but it’s less invasive and more suitable for bedside monitoring. It measures, using small probes attached to the head, subtle changes in the concentration of

Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability in the world and is increasingly causing more stress and burden on patients and families. After the acute stages of a cerebral vascular attack (CVA) or stroke, patients begin to realize their deficits which may sometimes leave them confused and afraid to go into the community. Rehabilitation is a key focus in recovery to help victims restore their physical function to their maximum potential, as well as develop their psychosocial confidence to be able to integrate into society with a disability. Patients can have an improved recovery from stroke by participating in rehabilitation services in the community and using their support system once discharged from the acute care setting. In this paper, it will be demonstrated that caregivers of stroke patients tend to influence recovery differently. Also, stroke survivors must integrate within their community to continue positive rehabilitation because stroke survivors need a stable environment to flourish in recovery.

The aim of the study was to explore the connection between the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the functional capacity in patients diagnosed with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. 37 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy participated in the treadmill test to evaluate their functional capacity. The mean age of the patients that participated in the study was 46.7 to 11.7 years, with 81% of the participants being male. Echocardiographic variables and a baseline clinical were attained from the patients. Also, the hematological and biochemical limitations were measured using customary methods. The patients were then separated into low and high functional capacity groups based on the functional rank that they received in the exercise test

A cerebrovascular accident, which is commonly known as a stroke, is the leading cause of disability and the fifth leading cause of death in the United States ("About Stroke," n.d.). Two fundamental causes of stroke are atrial fibrillation, where the heart flutters rather than contracting in the manner of a normal heartbeat, and carotid artery disease (Sobieszczyk & Beckman, 2006). Carotid artery disease is the narrowing of the carotid arteries, which are located on either side of the neck and deliver blood to the brain (Sobieszczyk & Beckman, 2006). Blockages consisting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol often cause this narrowing (Sobieszczyk & Beckman,

Atherosclerosis is a systemic vascular disease, but it predominantly affects local arteries of specific organs, for example, cerebral arteries of the brain, coronary arteries of the heart and renal arteries of the kidney. In fact, atherosclerosis is a significant source of carotid artery diseases causing various degrees of conditions from carotid stiffness to severe carotid stenosis [34]. Finding carotid atherosclerosis

The vascular assessment of a patient is an invaluable tool in the diagnosis and management of a condition. As podiatrists, it is essential to accurately assess the blood supply of the foot as even the slightest inaccuracy has the potential to become a catastrophic repercussion. Therefore, it is crucial that the vascular system is fully understood. It is also fundamental to note that, just as patients are unique, so is their anatomy. While many anatomical reference books provide a standardized anatomical positions of the arteries of the foot, it is important to recognize that variations of anatomy are a reality and must be taken into consideration during assessment.

Cerebral Vascular Disease (CVA) also known as a Stroke, occurs when there is a poor or inadequate flow of blood to part or all of the brain (Ischemia). Or bleeding in the brain (hemorrhage) that leads to brain cell damage or death. Resulting in loss or impairment of functions such as movement, emotions or sensations; depending on the affected area. The amount or severity of the loss depends on the area affected and the extent of the damage to the brain and its cells. According to Medical-Surgical Nursing ninth edition, stroke is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. The leading cause of long-term disability and twenty-six percent of the stroke victims require a minimum of three months of long-term care. Stroke is a devastating and preventable disease, with a huge emotional and financial impact on the victim and their families. One example is Roberto Severino Campos, who resides with his family in San Paulo, Brazil. According to Roberto 's story on the World Health Organization website, he refused to be concerned about the warning signs predisposing him to a stroke. Roberto was not concerned with his hypertension, smoking and drinking; which are all preventable factors. Now after three strokes, he can no longer speak and has left side with bilateral leg paralysis. Roberto can no longer work and is totally dependent on his family for survival. Stroke has been the foremost helth care concern and prevalent killer for the Brazilian population.( Bode, Chris de,

To discover the risk for VHD, a health care team will use echocardiography as the main source of testing. Echocardiography (EKG) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of a patient's heart as it beats. This invasive medical procedure can reveal the size and shape of the heart valves and chambers, blood pumping efficiency, and whether a valve is narrow or has backflow. Patients may require a transesophageal echo to develop an enhanced image of the heart.

The end diastolic wall thickness was assessed to detect cases with reduced end diastolic wall thickness in chronic state. Also, the functional 2 chamber and 4 chamber cine images were assessed for other associated abnormalities such as valvular lesion or intra-cavitary thrombus.