History of Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a term that encompasses a group of non-progressive syndromes of posture and motor problems next to lesions in the brain from early development (Appleton & Gupta, 2001). This disorder is caused by disturbances to the fetal or infant central nervous system (Jones, Morgan, Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). There are two types of cerebral palsy, spastic and non spastic (Jones, Morgan, Shelton, & Thorogood, 2007). CP has a variety of signs and symptoms that coincide with other neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical signs of cerebral palsy are the following: muscle tone abnormalities, impaired motor coordination and control, dysarthria, and fine motor dysfunction. In some cases these are associated with
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He was the second prominent person, after Dr. Little, who looked at cerebral palsy regarding non-progressive neuromuscular disabilities in children. In his book “Infantile paralysis of cerebral origin”, he looked at 151 cases, some of his own and some from literature. One hundred and 120 of those cases are with infantile hemiplegia, twenty with bilateral spastic hemiplegia and eleven with spastic paraplegia, he took all these cases and organized them by distribution and location and correlated them with neuroanatomical pathology (Osler, 1889). There were several cases that came from Pennsylvania Institution for Feeble-Minded Children, these patients showed severe mental retardation. Osler noted that Strumpell’s paper in 1885 initiated his interest toward this problem. He pointed out the associations between difficulties during deliver, prolong resuscitation, asphyxia and seizures He believed the theory that Strumpell has of polioencephalities showed similar pathology and etiology to that of CP(Osler, 1889). He concluded that intracranial hemorrhaging and jaundice may lead to palsies at birth of infant (Osler,
The word “cerebral” refers to the brain, while “palsy” refers to its effect on the muscles. The various presentations of the disability appears to reflect the parts of the brain that are not fully functioning. There are three different types of cerebral palsy including spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy, and ataxic cerebral palsy. As previously mentioned, spastic and athetoid cerebral palsy includes restricted movements and involuntary movements. Ataxic cerebral palsy refers to how balance and depth perception are affected. Correlations between cerebral palsy and other disabilities have been observed, including bladder incontinence,
Cerebral Palsy (CP) occurs when there is damage to the brain during the developmental process. Cerebral Palsy is very popular in children today occurring in 2-3 children per every 1000 live births. Cerebral Palsy is a developmental delay and movement disorder. The damaged part of the brain in Cerebral Palsy controls movement, balance, and posture. (Thapa, R. (2016)). Cerebral Palsy can occur before during or after birth while the brain is still developing. They classify cerebral palsy in many groups; however, two main groups are spastic and non-spastic depending on what part of the brain is affected and the area of the brain injury. Along with Cerebral Palsy come many other complications throughout the child’s life. Many people
“Tachyons are subatomic particles that travel not only at the speed of light, but also all the way up to infinity,” Pars revealed. “The breakthrough came when we detected the Tachyon particles in the northern Aurora Borealis and later also in the southern Aurora Australis. In other words, the solar storms shed plasma containing many charged particles such as electrons and protons that collect in the north and south of the Earth’s magnetic field. These charged particles in the plasma excite the gas in Earth’s atmosphere producing glowing auroras as well as Tachyons in the process. The auroras are in the thermosphere, between five hundred and a thousand kilometers above the Earth.
“The term cerebral palsy refers to a group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance”(Cerebral Palsy Information). “Cerebral Palsy affects the part of the brain that controls muscle movements”(Cerebral Palsy Information). It is common to be found within months of an infant being born to years in childhood. The condition is not genetically transferred it mostly depends of the baby in the womb. “Some of the possible causes include a lack of oxygen to the brain during labor and delivery, severe jaundice in the infant, maternal infections such German measles and herpes simplex, brain infections such as encephalitis and meningitis, bleeding into the brain ,head injuries as a result of a car accident, a fall, or child abuse” (Cerebral Palsy: Causes). In some cases the cause of Cerebral Palsy is not known.
Cerebral Palsy is an umbrella term for a group of disabilities associated with movement and posture (Victoria Government, 2014; What is Cerebral Palsy? 2014). Every patient of this disability will look different and move differently due to the affected location within the brain (What is Cerebral Palsy? 2014). Cerebral Palsy will appear as a muscle disability, however, it is caused by the cerebrum being damaged. The cerebrum is responsible for memory, learning ability, muscle control, and communication skills; this is why some people with cerebral palsy struggle with communication and learning (Nordqvist, C, 2015).
Cerebral Palsy is a congenital disorder of the movement, muscle tone, and posture of your body. This disease is common among Americans. Over 200,000 cases have been diagnosed in the United States each year. CP requires a medical diagnosis, some symptoms to look for are exaggerated reflexes, floppy or rigid limbs, and involuntary motions. These symptoms may most likely appear in the early years of a child.
All parents hope that their children will be healthy. However, there are numerous conditions, which affect people throughout New Jersey, and elsewhere, during childhood. Cerebral palsy, a common motor disability, is one such condition. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention approximates that, on average, one out of every 323 children in the U.S. suffer from this condition. In many cases, the exact cause of cerebral palsy is unknown. Though, it is believed that medical errors, including birth injuries, commonly contribute to causing this permanent disorder.
In today`s modern world there is more that we understand about disease than we did in the last 5, 10, and 15 years. In a world where disease is so common, we are able to understand and develop ways for those with diseases, to live a more functional life. This helps those who feel abnormal because of their disease, feel like they too, can be normal. One of those many diseases that are so common is Cerebral Palsy.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is brain damage. It cannot be cured, it is not contagious, it is not a disease, and it does not get worse. According to Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, "Cerebral Palsy is a broad term for various nonprogressive disorders of motor function in people, resulting from brain damage around the time of birth. Damage to the brain could occur before, during, or shortly after birth"(“Cerebral”). Since the damage is done during the brain’s formation, and occurs in the part of the brain that controls motor and muscle functions, people with CP might have problems with motor skills, muscle tone, muscle weakness, reflexes, balance, excessive drooling, difficulties swallowing or speaking, shaking, tremors, and
Cerebral palsy is an abnormal brain development, which alters a person’s ability to move. Cerebral palsy affects people in different ways and such as, muscle control, muscle coordination, muscle tone, reflex, posture and balance. Although cerebral palsy is a permanent life-long condition, some of these signs of cerebral palsy can improve or worsen over time.Most premature babies will grow up without any major difficulties but some are at an increased risk for motor difficulties, including cerebral palsy.The chance of premature babies developing cerebral palsy is closely related to the degree of prematurity.
According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, there are numerous neurological disorders, which are generally referred to as cerebral palsy. This condition affects muscle coordination, movement, posture and muscle tone. Cerebral palsy typically manifests during infancy or in early childhood.
It is becoming more and more common in the contemporary world to see a child with some sort of mental disorder. Fortunately, it is usually not as serious as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, but nonetheless it is a great stress for both the kid, their family and people around them. According to the reports by the U. S. Surgeon General and the New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2010), four million children and adolescents in this country suffer from a serious mental disorder that causes significant functional impairments at home, at school and with peers. Of children ages 9 to 17, 21 percent have a diagnosable mental or addictive disorder that causes at least minimal impairment. Two most common mental illnesses that children have are
There are many different types of cerebral palsy. “Types of cerebral palsy are classified by the type of movement problems caused by brain impairment, or by the parts of the body that are affected.” (Mecham, 1986)
The human body is made up of many organ systems that consist of organs and tissues of different anatomies and diverse nomenclature. These organs systems, organs and tissues are prone to thousands of diseases, and one of these diseases is cerebral palsy, which is a disease of the nervous system in simple terms. Research relating to cerebral palsy is carried out, whereby the disorder is described, along with its history, and how it affects the nervous system and the brain. The anatomy of the body systems involves with regard to this disorder, the effects of the disorder on these body systems and other body systems are also researched and discussed. Furthermore, the research focuses on the causes of cerebral palsy, its complications, signs, and symptoms, and the diagnosis of the disorder, along with its treatment and side effects of the treatment. A recap of the research focusing on prevention strategies, the anatomy and physiology of cerebral palsy and the nervous system is presented.
A vast deal of effort has been done in comparative analysis in the field of political communication. However, following Pfetsch and Esser (2014), it is clear that this area of study is still under construction and several questions remain open. At the same time, an important part of the research in this area has been done in industrialized countries. A enormous region of more than half a billion people as Latin America represents a challenge to undergo appropriate inquiry in order to understand the close relationship between politics and communication and its effect on governance and public opinion.