Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Paper

Angioplasty opens blocked arteries and restores normal blood flow to your heart muscle. It is not major surgery. It is done by threading a catheter (thin tube) through a small puncture in a leg or arm artery to the heart. The doctor threads the catheter through the arterial system until it gets into a coronary (heart) artery. The blocked artery is opened by inflating a tiny balloon on the end of the catheter. The doctor inflates the balloon to push the plaque outward against the wall of the artery. This widens the artery by stretching it and restores blood flow.

The anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology related to the patient, his condition, and the procedure are as followed

This scale determines the cognitive function of the patient and evaluates the eyes, speech, and body movements to determine what sort of damage the brain has undergone, as well as creating a baseline status to refer to while providing ongoing care. The Glasgow Coma Scale assessment tool helps the nurses and physicians determine what sort of care and interventions a patient may need to have in their plan of care. A patient with a score of 15 is able to use their eyes to look around, be able to communicate verbally, and have purposeful body movement; as this score decreases the level of care increases. A patient who has sustained a brain injury that presents with a GCS of 8 or less and also has an abnormal CT scan will have an ICP monitoring device placed which will give the nurse a mode of collecting accurate numerical data and measuring cerebral perfusion pressure to sustain brain tissue (Zink and McQuillan,

Pt requires 20 gauge IV for _______. 20 gauge catheter inserted to the right anterior forearm, first attempt. Flushed with 10 cc normal saline. Stat lock in place, covered with transparent dressing. Pt tolerated well with no complaints of pain or irritation upon flushing, no visible swelling or bruising. Sharps placed in approved container, patient’s bed lowered as far as possible and assisted to comfortable position. Reassessed in 5 minutes for bleeding , none noted.

• A needle will be inserted into your arm to administer the IV contrast material.

Intravenous fluids are administered through either a central or peripheral line. A central line is an intravenous line made of a small flexible tubing used to intravenous medications, blood, or to collect blood samples. A central line is inserted under the skin away from the vein, and it comes out from a subcutaneous route. A cuff is placed around the tunneled part of the line securing placement and helping to prevent infection to the insertion site. Central lines are inserted into large veins in the central circulation (Caring, 2015). The catheter is threaded into the internal or external jugular vein; it can also be threaded into the lower third of the vena cava leading to the superior part of the right atrium. When inserted, a chest x-ray is done to confirm placement and position of the catheter, and to check for pneumothorax (Central, 2015). A peripheral line is a vein in the arm, hand, or in an infant in the scalp. A peripherally inserted central line, also known as a PICC line, is another type of catheter used to administer intravenous medications. PICC lines are inserted in the inner arm toward the shoulder, moving to a

CSF is produced by arterial blood coming mainly from the choroid plexus at a rate of about 500 ml per day. The clear, colorless fluid bathes the external surfaces its canals and ventricles. CSF protects the brain when jolted. It also keeps the brain buoyant and regulates the chemical environment of the brain. CSF reabsorbed by the arachnoid granules almost as quickly as it is produced, leaving about 150 mL in the body at any given time. CSF is found in the four ventricles of the brain which narrow into the central canal.

His work led to the evolution of radiofrequency energy catheters, which use radiofrequency energy to heat the catheter tip and perform a more precise ablation than what was possible with direct current ablation. (UCSF.(2012). When cardiac ablation is performed the surgeon is targeting the diseased conductive tissue once this is done, this will assist in correcting atrial fibrillation within the heart. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or require an open surgical approach. Cardiac ablation is achieved through a cardiac catheter this delivers radiofrequency energy or cryoenergy to the defective area this is considered to be a minimally invasive approach. The electrophysiologist will insert a catheter into the femoral vein/artery and threads it to the right or left atrium and ventricle. They will then test different areas of the heart to try and reproduce dysrhythmia upon doing this they will then ablate the area of the heart where the disturbance takes place. Another alternative would be an open surgery known as a sternotomy approach this is where a midline incision is made in the sternum of the chest. Cannulation of the superior and inferior vena cava will then take place for a cardiopulmonary bypass. The surgeon will occlude the ascending aorta and infuse cardioplegic solution into the coronary arteries. Once this is done a right and left atriotomy is performed and the targets are ablated. The atriotomies are closed, the aorta is unclamped, cardiopulmonary bypass is stopped, cannulas are removed, chest tubes will be inserted at this time and the surgical wound is closed. Upon completion of the surgery the patient is taken to the PACU and monitored for heart rhythm issues as well as, bleeding, infection, or any other complications from the procedure. ( Fuller, J. (2013).(p.922). There are

other tucked into thigh, shin, and groin or just touching the floor if balance is poor. (Posture known

The first step is to prepare the port, which is metal resorvoir-like appliance that is surgically inserted into the chest area (below the collarbone). Connected to the port is a cathether that travels up to the neck and sutured into a large vein (usually the jugular vein, subclavian vein, or superior vena cava). This is done by applying a topical anesthetic, called lidocaine, onto the are the port is located which can be distinguished as a "bump" on the skin. It takes approximately one hour for the cream to effectively numb the area. In the meantime, the patient's vital signs can be observed and taken. After the lidocaine comes to effect, excess cream is removed and the skin is disinfected with alcohol wipes and ChloraPrep® (antibacterial). While the disinfectants are drying, a needle is prepared by flushing the syringe, making sure no air is introduced. Then the patient is told to take a deep breath while the needle is inserted into the area where the port is. To check if the needle was inserted correctly, the nurse will attempt to draw a small amount of blood with the same syringe. If blood is visible in the tube, then the needle has been inserted correctly and the fluid is flushed back into the body and the area is dressed. Before the actual chemo treatment, premedication is given through the port to reduce anxiety and pain and may take up

Once access into the artery is gained, a “sheath introducer “ is placed in the opening to keep the artery open and control bleeding.

A V/Q scan uses radioactive material to see how well air and blood are flowing to all areas of the lung. A pulmonary angiography is an accurate, invasive test that is used to diagnose pulmonary embolism. A trained specialist threads a catheter through the groin or arm to the blood vessels in the lung. A dye is then injected so that a picture can be taken of the blood flow through the blood vessels in the lungs. Not available at all hospitals, this test is administered by a trained specialist. A spiral CT scan is a special type of x-ray that takes pictures of structures inside the body. A doctor will inject a dye into a vein, which will allow the blood vessels in the lungs to be seen. This is a very quick test and results are available shortly after the scan is completed. A MRI is a test utilizing radio waves that shows pictures of organs and structures inside the body that may not show up on an x-ray. To check for blood clots inside the heart and to view heart function, an echocardiogram may be ordered. This test uses sound waves. It can also determine other possible causes for the symptoms that are being experienced. A D-dimer is a blood test that measures a substance in the blood that is released when a clot breaks up. High levels may indicate a clot. A

A small needle is inserted into the disc space after local anesthesia has been administered.

For these tests, a spinal fluid sample is taken through a procedure called a lumbar puncture or spinal tap. During the procedure, a needle is inserted into an area in the lower back.

Catheter is a hollow, flexible thin tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder, for removing fluid or to drain body fluids such as urine and the process of adding catheter is called catheterization. Catheter is usually inserted by doctor or nurses in hospital or the community. Catheters are generally necessary when a patient is unable to empty their bladder. If the bladder isn't emptied, urine can build up and lead to pressure in the kidneys. The pressure can result in kidney failure, which can be dangerous and may result in permanent damage to the kidneys. Moreover, catheter often used before, during, and after surgery to keep the bladder empty. This reduces the risk of accidental bladder injury during