Cerebrovascular Stroke Summary

Most exercise is designed for neurorehabilitation, not cardiovascular health, so there is a very different definition for stroke patient exercise, as well as a very different goal set. Because strokes affect each person differently, treatment is also specific to the individual. The literature included in this review focuses on three different methods of exercise, each with very specific goals in mind. Cabanas-Valdés and collegues study was on Core and Trunk stability, Minyoung describes use of Virtual Reality enhanced exercise for treatment, and Tutak introduces the concepts behind Rehabilitation

Mrs. Alice Palmer is a 54-year old married woman who has been admitted and is being treated with an ischemic stroke which she had 18 hours ago. This paper explores the nursing care of Mrs. Alice Palmer based on the clinical reasoning cycle by considering her situation first, collecting cues and information about her, processing the information gathered, then identifying problems or issues she is experiencing, and finally carrying out a detailed assessment. Also, the paper focuses on setting goals and establishing a nursing care plan in the community, and target ethnically safe practice. Ischemic stroke occurs when the brain tissue does not receive sufficient oxygenated blood due to an obstruction of the carotid artery (Brunner, Suddarth, & Smeltzer, 2008). When the brain does not receive enough oxygenated blood, some or all of its tissues may get damaged

. Define the term collateral blood flow, and describe how this and other factors affect the development of stroke.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015) every year there are 800,000 individuals who have strokes. There are 610,000 first time cases and 185,000 recurring stroke individuals. It is important for caregivers to note that the increased risk of another stroke is higher after the first (CDC, 2015). It is also critical for the caregiver to ask questions of the physician, such as what aspects physiologically and emotionally have been affected and treatments

RCT is a common disease. According to general population surveys, the prevalence of rotator cuff tear is 25 % in those older than 50 years of age and 20 % in those older than 20 years of age (1). The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles and their tendons supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis (2). These muscles connect the upper-arm bone, or humerus, to the shoulder blade. The important job of the rotator cuff is to keep the shoulder joint stable. RCT can be caused by degenerative changes, repetitive micro-traumas, severe traumatic injuries, and secondary dysfunctions. Falling on an outstretched hand, unexpected force when pushing or pulling or during shoulder dislocation can cause traumatic injury to the rotator cuff.

Right side hemisphere strokes effects likely to be seen are paralysis on left side of the body, weak vision, and problems distinguishing basics e.g. tying shoes, buttoning shirts, up, down, left or right and also you can have short term memory. Brain Stem Strokes which are the most uncommon strokes that can happen are at the base of the brain and right above our spinal cord. Some effects after this stroke can give you problems in breathing or heart functions, unbalanced body temperature and body coordination, weakness or paralysis of both arms and legs, difficulty in chewing, swallowing, speaking and poor vision. Any type of stroke whether it is a Brain Stem Stroke or a Ischemic Stroke can be life changing but, after it depends on the progress at the recovery stage which can truly identify the damage and how serious it is. Some risk factors of stroke that you CANNOT change are the increase in your age, gender, family history, ethnicity and the Transient Ischemic Attack (chances of another stroke after a previous stroke). Some treatments that are available to patients with strokes are stroke medications, surgeries and few non surgical procedures. Stroke medications are drugs prescribed to be taken by a administrator some of them are Tissue Plasmogen Activator TPA (given within 3 hours of a stroke caused by a blood clot), clot busters, blood thinners

Sprain/strain—a wrench of a ligament of an ankle or wrist so as to injure without fracture or dislocation

Cerebrovascular disease has specific therapy that can help people from getting a stroke again. When someone has a stroke, it usually means there are other problems going on with the person (Walker, Hall, Hurst, 1990). Strokes are heterogeneous disorders. In order to diagnoses someone with cerebrovascular disease, there are about seven factors that a doctor looks for. The first and foremost is to see if the person actually had a stroke and not something else. Second, the doctor would need to determine whether t the stroke was a hemorrhagic stroke or an isthmic stroke. The third step that needs to be taken is to determine the steps necessary that will keep the patient medically stabilized. Fourth, the pathophysiology of why the event occurred needs to be determined. For example, the doctor needs to see if it was an aneurysm that causes the stroke, atherosclerosis, or embolus. The fifth step is to find ways to prevent the patient from having a stroke in the future. Unfortunately, the next time a patient survives a stroke, they may not be so lucky to survive it again. This is why finding different methods to

6) Orthopedic impairments - includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures). (IDEA '97)

^8,5 ASI occurs when the arm is in adduction with the shoulder internally rotated. The biceps complex pulley, also known as a capsuloligamentous complex, adjoins the anterior glenoid causing injury when in extreme motions. With the PSI, the pulley is put into risk with abduction and external rotation on the posterosuperior glenoid. ^8 PSI is also associated with partial-thickness tears on the deep side of the articular surface of the rotator cuff. ^5 This can be a common cause for a peel-back mechanism associated with a SLAP lesion. ^8 Peel-back mechanisms can be produced many different ways, but are mostly seen with a SLAP lesion or internal impingement. These can occur when the shoulder is placed into abduction and extreme external rotation with a torsional force added to the labro-bicipital complex that is at the base of the biceps on the posterior superior labrum. ^1,5 This causes fatigue and failure of the humeral head that rotates medially over the upper rim of the glenoid fossa creating a shearing force. ^1,5 Increased superior labral strain in overhead athletes occurs during the late-cocking phase of throwing when arm is externally rotated. ^1

Age matters because the likelihood of having a stroke nearly doubles every 10 years after age 55. Although stroke is more common among the elderly,a lot of people under 65 also have strokes. A list of risk for a stroke high blood pressure,diabetes,heart diseases,smoking,and brain aneurysms or arteriovenous malformation (AVMs). Sudden numbness or weakness of the face,arm or leg,especially on one side of the body. Some people who have a stroke recover quickly and can regain normal function of their body after just a few days.

Cerebrovascular disease is “any abnormality of the brain caused by a pathologic process in the blood vessels.” (McCance, 2015) Aneurysms and strokes or cerebrovascular accidents encompass this category. There are three categories of strokes: ischemic (thrombotic or embolic), global hypoperfusion, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Thrombotic strokes are caused by arterial occlusions from blood clots formed in the arteries supplying the brain or in the intracranial vessels (McCance, 2015). The development of blood clots or thrombi in the venous channels of the brain is called cerebral thrombosis. Cerebral thrombosis is mostly ascribed to atherosclerosis and inflammatory disease processes that damage arterial walls. Inadequate cerebral perfusion creates damage in the arterial walls where platelets and fibrin attach to forming a thrombus. “Portions of the clot detach and travel up the vessel to distant sites where occlusion occurs, producing a stroke syndrome.” (McCance, 2015) An embolic stroke occurs when a fragment that breaks from a thrombus outside of the brain occludes a cranial artery, usually the middle cerebral artery.

Sequelae is consequence of a previous disease or injury. A stroke is an example of a cerebrovascular disease it affects the blood vessels in the brain. The cause of a stroke is called atherosclerosis that can cause a blockage in the blood vessels and can cause a stroke.

In the first half of my undergrad I have worked towards earning a degree in biology and chemistry with the aim of getting into medical school. After a summer of shadowing 12 different areas in the medical field, I have recently gained an interest in the specialty of orthopedics. With experience in both the surgical and clinical settings in this specialty, I became fascinated with the diagnosis and treatment of deformities or functional impairments to the movement systems of the body, primarily the skeletal system and its associated structures such as muscles and ligaments. Kinesiology is defined as the study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement. Therefore, orthopedic doctors often diagnose and treat injuries that can be explained by principles of kinesiology. Kinesiology is often split up into three separate disciplines: musculoskeletal anatomy, neuromuscular physiology and biomechanics. Each of these disciplines is applied in the field of orthopedics to aid in accurate diagnoses.

I declare that all material in this assessment is my own work except where there is a clear acknowledgement and reference to the work of others. I have read the University’s Academic and Scientific Misconduct Policy and understand its implications.* http://www.cdu.edu.au/governance/documents/3.3academicandscientificmisconduct.pdf