Cervical Cancer Essay

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) that is very common throughout the United States and worldwide (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). There are over 100 different forms of the virus with 13 of these types being capable of causing cancer (WHO, 2016). HPV can lead to the development of serious health problems. Theses health problems are especially an issue for adolescent women due to the highly increasing STD rates among this age group (Kostas-Polston, Johnson-Mallard & Berman, 2012). There is a vaccine for many of the common types of HPV, however, many parents are refusing to vaccinate their daughters for various reasons. With the rising cases of STDs, less birth

Signs and symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer include a lump in the neck and a sore throat.

Cervical cancer has been around since the late 1900’s. Scientists like Zur Hausen found novel HPV- DNA biopsies, this discovering HPV causes cervical cancer. Cervical cancer affects the lower part of the vagina or the walls of the pelvis. (Medline plus) Cervical cancer has been detrimental to women all over the U.S.

HPV( Human Papilloma Virus)is the virus which causes warts, including the warts commonly seen on the hands and feet("HPV and Abnormal Pap Smear Results | WomensHealthSpecialists.org," n.d.)

Cervical cancer is one of the highly popular disease for the women. Different programmes has been made up to fight against this deadly disease. New Zealand has one of the best screening programmes in the world. The establishment of National Cervical Cancer Screening Programme in NZ in 1990 had reduced a significant number of 60% of women who develop cervical cancer and who die from it since it was built. More than 1 million New Zealander women are enrolled in this programme and 95 % are eligible. The Cervical Cancer screening programme aims to; informing women about the importance of having the cervical screening tests; promoting cervical screening tests on a regular basis to women aged 20–70; ensuring high-quality and culturally appropriate services; supporting women with abnormal tests; ensuring there is regular monitoring to see that the goals of the programme are being met. The NCSP also acknowledges the importance of the Treaty of Waitangi in providing a screening programme that is successful for all New Zealand women.

Health Disparities Among Whites and African American with vaginal cancer- A few years ago, I came across an article that spoke about disparities in vaginal cancer. I read, radiation therapy is utilized equally in both racial groups; yet, surgical treatment alone or combined with radiation therapy was more common in White women compared with African American and survival rate is highly lower in AA. Why are AA women more likely to have an adverse effect to treatment of vaginal cancer than white women and what is being done to reduce this issue?

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a name derived from group of viruses that affect the human skin and other moist areas found in the human body, such as the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. There are more than 100 species of HPV, of which only thirty of them affect the genital area. Genital HPV is very contagious and are spread during sexual intercourse and skin to skin of the genital areas. Some HPV can be physically detected, when there are visible genital warts seen around the site. HPV that do not exhibit clinical symptoms are known as sub-clinical HPV, which connotes that they are not visible, neither do they have recognizable symptoms (Women 's health specialist, November, 2009). Most of the time, Sub - clinical HPV is discovered when there is an abnormal results from pap smear. On the other hand, research also shows that men do encounter sub-clinical HPV, but the test does not work for them. Therefore, men may have it without knowing.

1 in 3 women in the United States of America will undergo a battle with Cervical Cancer. 22,440 women are diagnosed a year. 14, 080 of these women will die from this cancer. Lined up with other cancers, it is the 5th highest cause of cancer related death (American Cancer Society, 2016) Looking at the bigger picture, 1 in 75 will be diagnosed. Amongst those, 1 in 100 will die. With new research and treatments, the survival rate is rising. The effects of this cancer may vary, but these women all have one thing in common; they never give up the fight.

The cells usually are put into a special liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing:

In fact, early-detected cervical cancer can be highly cured. Howevers unfortunately, the second line treatment for the patient who suffers the recurrence or advanced stage of cervical cancer is limited. Today, the most up-to-date drugs for recurrent or advanced cervical cancer patient are only paclitaxel and cisplatin [2]. Surgery is only applicable for patients who are medically operable while radiotherapy and chemotherapy are inefficient in treating patients who build resistance to both treatments in a quick manner [3, 4]. Considering the limited treatment for the patient with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer, our previous project have revealed a new target therapy study by utilizing two dimensional (2D) cell culture assay. We

CIN (formerly cervical dysplasia) refers to premalignant changes in the cervical epithelium that have the potential to progress to cervical cancer. The histologic features most commonly associated with cervical dysplasia include cellular immaturity, cellular disorganization, nuclear abnormalities, and increased mitotic activity. The severity of CIN is de

Cancer is abnormal cell growth disease, one of the foremost diseases in the world and most severe clinical problems in the world with increasing frequency every year. Regardless of avoiding behavioral risk factors such as tobacco, virus infection, preventive managements as dietary, medication and vaccination. The cancer disease still affects millions of patients’ worldwide (Sharma et al., 2016).

Normal cell functions include the growth and division for damaged tissue replacement. However, regulation of normal cell functions can be damaged and cancerous cells can be developed. Only five to ten percent of breast of ovarian cancer are the result of inherited genetic genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are categorized as tumor suppressor genes that support in repairing damaged genes. Therefore, carriers of mutation of BRCA1 or BRCA2 cannot repair the damaged DNA appropriately and obtain increased risk of cancer such as breast and ovarian cancers in females. Other types of cancer may have been affected by mutation of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Approximately, twenty to twenty five percent of inherited breast cancer are affected

Cervical cancer malignant cancer of the cervix uteris or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages, which has made cervical cancer the focus of intense screening efforts using the Pap smear. About 2.2 percent of women carry one of the 2 virus strains most likely to lead to cervical cancer. One of the symptoms of Cervical Cancer is very Unusual amount of discharge.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality in countries such as India accounting for more than 17% of all cancer deaths in women aged 30-69. [3] Cervical cancer is one such type of cancer in which screening plays a significant role. Clinical trials done in below poverty level populations do encounter ethical issues to a certain extent with regards to informed consent as most or all of these patients are illiterate. However informed consent is extremely important when justifying data for such clinical trials. Countries such as US have implemented Pap smear screening as one of the most important cervical cancer screening methods. In countries as densely populated as India where proper healthcare facilities does not reach slums and extremely poverty stricken societies, alternatives for screening are indicated- VIA or Visual inspection with acetic acid