Cervical Lymphoma Research Paper

This year alone approximately 12,360 documented new cases of cervical cancer in the United States and 4,020 deaths according to National Cancer Institute (“Cervical Cancer”, 2014). Cervical cancer is a slow growing cancer that grows in the tissues of the cervix (an organ that connects the uterus and vagina). The disease is predominantly caused by the human papillomavirus infection (HPV). According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the HPV virus is so common that nearly all sexually active women and men get it at some point in their lives. Many types of HPV exist, some causing genital warts and potentially cervical cancer. Individuals can get HPV by having unprotected genital to genital touching, oral, vaginal, or anal sex. Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV, and can develop symptoms years after they had sex with someone who is infected, making it difficult to know when they first became infected.

Lymphoma is the name given to a cancer that infects the lymphatic system. In a case of lymphoma the lymphatic system has cells that multiply and cannot be stopped. There are two main types of lymphoma, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is called

According to the American Cancer Society website, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (also known as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin’s disease, NHL, or sometimes just lymphoma) is a cancer that starts in the cells of the lymph system, which is part of the body’s immune system.1 It is a type of cancer of the blood that affects the white blood cells, which are usually involved in protecting against infections. NHL is not a single disease, but rather a group of at least 31 closely related cancers that affect the lymphatic system.2 Although the different types of NHL have some things in common, particularly their lymphatic origin, they differ in their appearance under the microscope, their molecular features, their

Cervical lymphadenopathy is the enlargement or swelling of the cervical lymph nodes. Cervical lymph nodes are the lymph nodes located at the anterior and posterior aspect of the neck and under the jaw. A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the neck is essential to formulate a differential diagnosis. Cervical lymphadenopathy is not uncommon, especially in children and therefore differential diagnoses are broad (Lang, & Kansy, 2014). The causes of cervical lymphadenopathy can be infections, autoimmune disorders, or malignancy.

Lymphoma has two categories but the most common is known as Non Hodgkin’s Disease. There are about ten different types of non hodgkin’s lymphomas, some slower or faster growing than others. “One type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is called Burkitt’s lymphoma. This type of non hodgkin’s lymphoma is most often found in young people between the ages of twelve and thirty” (Freedman 24). Non hodgkin’s lymphoma affects twenty out of every one hundred thousand people in the U.S.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of lymphoma, which is universal term for tumors that develop in the lymphatic system. It is also called non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin represents for about 90% of all lymphomas, and the remaining 10% are indicating to as Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas have an extensive variety of histological appearances and clinical components, which can make diagnosis hard. Lymphomas are not uncommon, and most doctors, independent of their and expertise, will presumably have gone over a patient with

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which is a part of the immune system. The cancer starts when cells in the body begin to grow out of control. Cells in almost any part of the body can become cancerous. There are two kinds of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma; Classic Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and

Hodgkin disease (lymphoma) is known as the type of disease or cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphosites and known to be part of the immune system. Hodgkin disease or lymphoma is known for attacking your lymph nodes. It can cause many symptoms. The Hodgkin disease attacked my dad when he was 30 years old, which was when I was 2 years old. This disease can take take lives away but you can also survive this.

This type of cancer starts in one’s white blood cells, called lymphocytes. Two different types of lymphomas are Hodgkin disease and Non-Hodgkin. The lymph system is a main part of the immune system. This part of the immune system helps fight off infections inside the body, and other sorts of diseases. Lymphoid tissue, a part of the lymphocytes, is in many different parts of a human body.

Adult Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma is a disease in which malignant cells form in the lymph system (Cancer.gov). Lymphoma isn’t as simple as one type and one specific trial. There are two types of lymphoma the worst being listed first, Non- Hodgkins, and Hodgkins. This then continues to break into the

Thomas Hodgkin began discovering a disease called Hodgkin’s Lymphoma in 1832. (Hildago, 1994.) This cancerous disease begins in the lymphocytes or white blood cells and can spread throughout the immune system. This type of lymphoma is identified by a specific cancerous cell called a Reed- Sternberg cell. When this cell is found other types of lymphomas or cancers can be ruled out. Dr. Reed and Dr. Sternberg discovered the microscopic difference of the Hodgkin’s disease cells, which is how the cell received its name. (“What is Hodgkin Disease?” 2015.)

There are approximately 62,000 people around the world that are diagnosed with lymphoma every year. That means about 169 people are diagnosed with lymphoma every day, and some of us aren’t even aware of what lymphoma is. Lymphoma is a blood cancer that takes place when lymphocytes start to behave abnormal. Once the cells become abnormal they stop protecting the body from infections or diseases which cause them to grow without control and form tumors. There are two main types of lymphomas, there is Hodgkin Lymphoma which involves Reed Sternberg cells, giant cells, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, which would be all the ones that don’t involve Reed Sternberg cells.

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma are cancers that do not originate in white blood cells but rather elsewhere in the lymphatic system such as a lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, or thymus and are categorized into which cells it effects such as B-cell, T-cell and NK-cells (MD Cancer Center, 2015). B-cell lymphoma represents the majority of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (85%) and of these Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) represents about 5% of the type of B-cell lymphoma (American Cancer Society, 2015). According to the American Cancer Society, MCL is rare, common in men in their later years (60s) and is a slow growing cancer (2015). The gentleman presented in this case study has been diagnosed with MCL; his medical findings, plan of care and treatment will be discussed and correlated with today’s guidelines and practices for the MCL population in making his cancer history.

There are many risk factors that may lead up to a woman developing cervical cancer. The most common risk factor is the Human Papilloma virus (HPV). Doctors have discovered that cervical cancer does not develop without HPV present. Smoking is almost always a risk factor in the development of cancerous cells. For women that smoke, tobacco by-products can be found in their cervical mucus. The by-products also cause damage to DNA of the cervix cells Which in turn cause the immune system to break down

Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is incredibly common in the population, one study showed that 43% of college age women were infected in a 3-year period. HPV is the virus that causes genital warts, but having genital warts doesn't necessarily mean you are going to get cervical cancer. There are different subtypes, or strains, of HPV. Only certain subtypes are likely to cause cervical cancer, and the subtypes that cause warts are unlikely to cause a cancer. Often, infection with HPV causes no symptoms at all, until a woman develops a pre-cancerous lesion mostly of the cervix. Because infection with a STD is a risk factor for cervical cancer, any risk factors for developing STD are also risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Women who have had many or several male sexual partners, having sexual intercourse at an early age, or have had male sexual partners who are considered high risk (meaning that they have had several sexual partners and/or began having sexual intercourse at an early age) are at higher risks for developing Cervical