Cesarean Section Summary

The study was a systematic review of scientific papers selected by a search of the SciELO, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and LILACS-BIREME databases. Among the 2169 articles found, 12 studies proved relevant to the issue and presented an evidence strength rating of B. No publications rated evidence strength A. Seven of the studies analyzed were prospective cohorts and 5 were cross-sectional studies.

There are some limitations to this literature review. One limitation is some of these studies may be outdated being that they are from the 1990s (i.e: Dulit et. al, 1990; Miller et. al, 1993; and Dougherty et. al, 1999). Another limitation is some of the studies were not randomized samples (i.e: Miller et. al, 1993 and Tragesser et. al, 2013). If samples are not random this could mean the results are bias.

The meta-analysis appraisal of Late vs Early Clamping of the Umbilical Cord in Full-term Neonates: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials (Hutton & Hassan, 2007) using the PRISMA Statement checklist (Moher et al., 2009) reveals that of the 27 topics 5 were not addressed or not addressed adequately. As pointed out by Moher et al. (2009), there has been poor reporting of assessing for publication bias, this was an area that was significantly lacking in this analysis. The overall research does provide critical assessment of the studies and conclusions drawn. This research does have applicability to my practice and it would be feasible to implement the

Healthy childbirth is defined as a safe, natural process that rarely requires medical intervention (Goer & Romano, 2012). The medical model of care, however, often includes interventions that are not supported by the evidence and can increase a woman’s risk of having a cesarean section. These intrusions into labor and birth often lead to what has been called the “cascade of interventions” (DeClercq, Sakala, Corry,

Cesarean birth can be lifesaving for the fetus, the mother, or both in certain cases. However, the rapid increase in cesarean birth rates from 1996 through 2011 without clear evidence of concomitant decreases in maternal or neonatal morbidity or mortality raises significant concern that cesarean delivery is overused (Caughey,

The purpose of this handbook is to advise expectant mothers to avoid getting a C- section when it is time for them to give birth. In addition, the report discusses what a C-section is and the risk factors associated with it. This report points out that many doctors and hospitals tend to preform unnecessary C-sections in order to gain more money.

As stated by Penny Simkin, April Bolding, Ann Keppler, Janelle Durham, and Janet Whalley, the authors of the number one best-selling book, Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Newborn: The Complete Guide, “While maternity care practices are continually changing the way women are helped to give birth, childbirth itself hasn’t changed. How a women’s body functions during pregnancy, labor, birth, and the postpartum period—and what she needs during these things—hasn’t changed since the beginning of humankind.” The process of birth is one of God’s greatest miracles. Although all babies go through the same stages of conception and development while in utero, that “average gestation period is 280 days, but it can be shorter or longer by as many as 14 days. At the end of the gestation period, the fetus has reached full term and is positioned for the birth process. The process, generally referred to as labor, includes three stages” (Wittmer, Petersen, Puckett, 2013, pg. 103). However, not all babies are born through vaginal births and as technology has increased many doctors are beginning to see a trend of patients asking for elective C-sections for non-medical reasons for convenience and avoiding the pain of labor, as well as concerns about vaginal tearing, incontinence, or other complications.

In this article they observed the increased rate of c-sections among women that used epidural intervention during labor. The study was conducted among 753,895 women between the years of 2000-2003.

Cullen and Gendreau compare and contrast the many studies on this subject, the meta-analyses conclusions, their strengths, weaknesses, inconsistencies, and the trends that follow the studies

Systematic reviews and meta-analysis are considered forms of evidence-based practice (EBP). EBP is the process of integrating the best evidentiary information available with scientific expertise (97, 98). Gibbs describes EBP as (1) being driven by values of putting forth best practices by the researcher; (2) establishing a well-defined question that guides the research for best practices; (3) exploring and exhausting the literature to answer issues in question; (4) critically appraising the evidence found for validity and worth; (5) applying the evidence to policy or practice; (6) evaluating the effectiveness of the application; and (7) disseminating the results (99). In this case, there are no published systematic reviews on the association

The standardized mean difference was used to summarize the results of the meta-analysis. The z-scores for preventive interventions

The review was published 2017 and reviewed randomised control trials conducted on the valsalva pushing in second stage of labour and the maternal and neontal outcomes (Lemos et al., 2017). Two independent authors assessed the the studies included in the review to ensure the use of high quality studies in the review with strcit inclusion criteria’s (Lemos et al., 2017).The maternal primary outcome measured in the review included perineal trauma, in this review the perineal trauma was further divided into perineal lacerations and episotomy. For the purpsoe of this eassay the focus will be on the perineal laceration. Again, in this review there was no statistically significant differecne found in perineal trauma between the two methods of pushing (Lemos et al., 2017). There was only one study that assessed perineal trauma and different pushing methods, and was a low quality study. Thus, the review did not come to an explicit conclusion about which method of pushing should be utilised due to the lack of high quality available regarding differnet pushing techniques and perineal trauma (Lemos et al., 2017). This further, suports the conclusions of the authors Prins, M., Boxem, J., Lucas, C. and Hutton, E. The authors of

To identify the type of study, the algorithm for classifying quantitative experimental and observational study designs developed by NICE was used (Appendix B). An important part of conducting a systematic literature review is the critical appraisal stage of the methodology. Due to the ease of publication in this technological age, there are numerous research papers that lack quality in choice and use of methodology and so their results and conclusions are considered less valid. When conducting a systematic literature review, one of the aims is to review papers and critically appraise them of their quality, so that in which the methods that are applied to generate and summarise data are reviewed to assess in methodologic quality, the risk of bias in results, and the robustness of the conclusions. Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness and its value and relevance in a particular context. It is an essential part of evidence-based medicine because in which allow researchers and clinicians find and use research evidence reliably, efficiently and

wall.Rate is mostly 10-20% but varies from region to region.In current day practice it is very

Many births are difficult for women and by not being able to deliver naturally due to medical implications or simply by conscious choice, they are compelled to decide on a cesarean section. Cesarean section is a medical procedure where a doctor makes an incision in the abdomen, adjusting organs, and making incision’s near the bladder and bowels” (Hatfield pg 2 par 4). Cesarean sections take four to six weeks for the mother to fully recover, and on top of that she has to meet the demands of a newborn. Having to care for a baby instead of staying rested for the recovery time takes a toll on a woman’s