Ch 10 Consciousness
The Freudian theory of dreams focuses on two distinct aspects of dreams, manifest content and latent content. The manifest content is the dream as it is remembered. It is the part of the dream in which the individual is cognitively aware. The latent content is the hidden meaning of the dream. It is the part of the dream that holds all of individual’s unconscious thoughts desires and wants. Freud believed that by uncovering the meaning of the latent content, a way to resolve daily struggles or issues would be clear. When interpreting dreams, Freud followed an interpretation that took components of dreams and made them sexual, such as losing at tooth, and related it to a fear of being castrated. William Domhoff proposed the Neurocognitive theory of dreams. He claims three areas of research that bolster is theory. Dreaming is dependent upon the normal functions of specific areas
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He selected men and dubbed one the “learner” and one the “teacher.” The learner was always a confederate of the experiment. The learner had electrodes attached to his arm so that the teacher, through the use of electric shocks, could correct him whenever he answered a question incorrectly. The volts ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts. The study concluded that people are likely to follow orders given to them by a perceived authority figure, even if another man’s life was at risk. Milgram found that people would be more likely to follow authority if they feel the authority figure is morally right. I absolutely feel that people today would behave the same way as they did during the experiment. Just because people know of the Milgram experiment and know of the atrocities of the Holocaust and factors like group think does not mean that they would act any differently. I know that this would not be repeated because of the regulations set today, but I think it would be interesting if the experiment was redone, but with factors such as race and
It is through this dream work that Freud contended unconscious thoughts were transferred into dream content. (Freud, 1900)
The subjects of the experiment believed that they were taking part in a study on the relationship of learning and punishment. The subject would sit in a room and ask questions to an actor in another room, who was supposed to be another subject. In front of the questioner was a box that had a series of buttons labeled from 15 volts to 450 volts. The subject was told to shock the person every time they answered incorrectly, increasing the voltage each time. As the shocks got worse, the actor would make noise, bang on the wall, yell for help, etc. but the researcher would tell the subject to keep going. Milgrim found, contrary to many psychologists predictions, that sixty-five percent of the subjects delivered the shocks all the way up to 450 volts (Slater).
Stanley MIlgram is a Yale University social psychologist who wrote “Behavioral Study of Obedience”, an article which granted him many awards and is now considered a landmark. In this piece, he evaluates the extent to which a participant is willing to conform to an authority figure who commands him to execute acts that conflict with his moral beliefs. Milgram discovers that the majority of participants do obey to authority. In this research, the subjects are misled because they are part of a learning experience that is not about what they are told. This experiment was appropriate despite this. Throughout the process, subjects are exposed to various signs that show them
After each wrong question they were instructed to go higher on the voltage of shock. The learners would begin to scream and cry after so many shocks that high on the voltage so the teacher would look at the person in charge and the person would tell them to proceed on with the experiment. More then half of the subjects administered all thirty levels of shock. Milgram conclude that any of us would obey authority to harm
The results showed that two-thirds of the participants continued on as ordered to the 450volts and the other ones shocked the learner to 300 volts. Milgram tested 636 people in 18 different variations of the experiment. He changed location conditions, the number of teachers, whether or not the teacher (participant) was touched, and changed the clothing of the experimenter (put on a lab coat). Ordinary people can carry out orders or even cause extreme harm to another individual if given by a person of authority. Being obedient is ingrained into us from an early age.
This study was an extension of Stanley Milgram’s experiment of obedience to authority, known as the shock experiment. This study presented that when giving an order by someone who has authority, people would deliver what they would have assumed to be extreme levels of electrical shock to other participants who responded incorrectly to a question.
In his lecture, “Revision of the Theory of Dreams” Freud makes it apparent that this theory alone stands as the basis for the entirety of Psycho-Analysis, he writes, “Whenever I begin to have doubts of the correctness of my wavering conclusions, the successful transformation of a senseless and muddled dream into a logical and intelligible
The teacher was told to shock the learner whenever they missed a question, increasing the voltage of the shock with each wrong answer. Whenever the teacher showed signs of not wanting to continue hurting the learner the authority figure would tell them forcibly to continue with the experiment. The results of Milgram’s experiment were, two-thirds of the teachers continued to shock the learner to the highest level of 450 volts. The implications of this experiment were that women, men, young, and old are very likely to follow orders given by figures who represent authority, even to the brink of killing a person. These findings indicate that it is human nature the obey authority figures as that is what our society has taught us is
I wrote this paper to get a better understanding of Sigmund Freud’s method and theory of dream analysis. The purpose of the paper will be to show the principals of Freud’s dream related theory that focuses on the physiology, interpretation, and psychology of dreams and to explain concepts such as latent and manifest content of dreams, the part of unconscious process, and the nature of dreams role in the determination of dream content. I would like to explore Sigmund Freud’s explanations of psycho-analytic and psychological theory and method to reveal whether Freud’s continuous revising to sexually based conclusions are able to support his own arguments. One of his themes was the amount of activity that goes on in our brains without us even
The study was conducted by Stanley Milgram and aimed to examine how people “reacted to instructions from authorized individuals when the actions conflicted with their personal safety and conscience” (De Vos, 2009, p.226). The participants were instructed to work in pairs and play different roles. In each pair, one of the participants played a role of a “learner,” and was presented with different questions from the “teacher,” the second person in the pair. Experimenters observed the questioning process and asked “teachers” to apply an electric shock to “learners” when they gave wrong answers to questions. The main problem in the research was ethical, as the more than a half of “teachers” were instructed to apply electric shocks up to the level of 450 volts, which could be very harmful. However, the “learners” were asked to provide mainly wrong questions, and the “teachers” were not aware of this intention (Milgram, 2010). At the end of the study, the experimenters revealed the deception. The research concluded that “teachers” were likely to obey instructions from authorized individuals, even when the health of “learners” supposedly was in serious
Every night when we go to sleep we have multiple dreams weather we remember them or not. There are two parts to every dream; manifest content and latent content. Manifest content is the overall storyline of the dream whereas latent content is the specific meaning of a dream. It is typically fairly easy to differ between the two and honestly it is quite fun learning about the hidden meaning of dreams.
The meanings and interpretations behind dreams have widely varied, over time and across cultures. They have been known to be a topic of physiological and scientific speculation for decades. Within recent studies and theoretical advancements, we can see the many different
To many people, dreams are the thoughts that occur while sleeping, having almost mystic qualities. For millennia the significance of dreams has escaped even the brightest of philosophers and intellectuals. Many people have speculated about why people dream and what meanings the dreams have but in recent times two theories have gained credibility in answering those questions. The first theory is Sigmund Freuds and the other is known as the cognitive theory of dreams also known as biological determinism.
In his book, Modern Man In Search Of A Soul, C.G. Jung gives a layperson insight into his ideas on dream analysis. Jung's primary objective in this book is to educate the reader as to what a psychoanalyst does when analyzing a patient's dreams. The principal message in the section of the book centered on dream analysis is that dreams should never stand alone. Dreams are meaningless in a vacuum, but on the other hand when put against a strict set of rules, they are oftentimes misunderstood. The unconscious is a fluid entity and cannot be handled either in isolation or with a static set of guidelines. Dreams are reflections of the unconscious and can represent many different things inside of
Freud believed that dreams represent repressed desires, dears and conflicts. He distinguished two aspects of dreams: the manifest content (Actual event) and the latent content (symbolic meaning of the event). In Freud’s latent content all of the symbolic meanings had a sexual background. He viewed dreams as revealing conflicts in a condensed and intensified form.