Change In Australia

The majority of scientific evidence suggests that over the last century humans have begun to have a discernible influence on the world's climate, causing it to warm. There is substantial evidence to indicate that significant global warming will occur during the 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to dramatize the impact climate change could have on Australian society if we are unprepared for it. In discussing the future of the planet, climate change, caused by increased abundances of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, has been a serious cause of concern. Several studies have suggested that climate change can lead to mass-fatality disasters, international migration leading to tensions and conflict, resource shortages, infectious disease, terrorism and rising-sea levels and drought causing immense economic nuisances, all of which have the potential to harm Australia’s national security.

The Impact that agriculture has on climate change is one of the largest in the world. Climate effects temperature and water availability, weather extremes and flooding and changing CO2 levels in the atmosphere. All of this impacts a shift in crop production patterns across agro ecological zones.

Agriculture is highly dependent upon weather and climate in order to produce the food necessary to sustain human life. North America is the world’s largest and most productive supplier of food and fiber (3). Canada is the second largest country in the world however it only contains five percent of land that is suitable for farming (7). This small farming area is divided in two different zones. The first zone is the great Prairies located in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba and the mixed Wood Plains of the St. Lawrence River and the second zone is the Great Lakes regions (7). Approximately 80% of Canada’s major farming is done the Prairies (7). There have been several recent studies that indicate most regions of Canada to warm up during the next 60 years (3). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 projected that global average temperature to increase by 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (3). Ironically, this would be the largest increase in global mean temperature in the last 10, 000 years (3). According to the comprehensive Canada Country Study (CCS) all the Global Climate Model (GCM) indicates Canada will be impacted with the most warming (7). The impacts of this climate change will be greatly reflected on the

Common change is perhaps the most fundamental trademark peril to the future accomplishment of Australians. Left unaddressed, change when all is said in done carbon outpourings is required to have a true blue and over the top impact on agribusiness, establishment, biodiversity and regular frameworks in Australia (Garnaut 2008).Climate change may other than increment Australia's other standard issues. While most trademark insidiousness has occurred as expected in view of country development and the abuse of near to boondocks, most future mischief is depended on to occur around urban locales and water resources. Affirmation proposes Australia's courses are continuing to rot. In 2000, even before the imperativeness dry season, about a fourth of

Existing climate variability is a fundamental driver of cotton production in Australia. Negative effects of anthropogenic climate change will increase the existing climate-related production challenges to the Australia cotton industry most likely through significant fruit loss, lower yields and reduced water use efficiencies due to higher temperatures (Williams et al. 2014; Bange et al. 2010). On average, on cotton-producing farms, cotton makes up the largest proportion of farm income (approximately 66%) in terms of gross value of production and yet only comprises about 10% of the total farm area (ABARE 2012; Roth 2010). 80% of cotton producing farms are irrigated and consequently overall production is very sensitive to water availability and price (McRae et al. 2007; Roth

Climate change is a threat to businesses, and has been responsible for numerous setbacks impacting them. Its current effect on businesses include: expanding the danger of harm to buildings, interruptions to infrastructures, supply chains and causing loss of stock (Gledhill, Hamza-Goodacre, Ping 2015). Consequently, Moore (2011) stated that ‘In 2011 a ‘survey of almost 200 businesses revealed an average loss of $834,992 for businesses that had to stop trading as a direct result of flood damage or power loss.’ Revealing that climate change is threatening firms, including, agriculture companies. Because of climate change, droughts and heat waves have been responsible for the annihilation of 1/10 of crops, over the last 50 years (Puiu 2016). Climate change causes: agribusinesses and firms supplying them to lose profit. Additionally, Firms being supplied by the agriculture companies also lose cash,

Along with the devastation that will follow the increase in natural disasters, global warming will soon prove to be a burden on our agricultural market as well. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the “changing climate could cause soils to become drier and drier, and crop failures could become more widespread.” What burdens will this place on the global economy? It will affect the poorest countries first, mostly due to the fact that the majority of these “poor” countries have a high dependency on agriculture as a means of living and trade. Another affect on our agriculture will be the disruption in our food supply according to author and Boston Globe editor Ross Gelbspan, “global warming could result in insect

According to the Royal Society, agriculture is responsible for nearly half of our total greenhouse gas emissions. This is over triple the proportion of Australia’s agricultural emissions, and five times the

Moreover, the United States produces nearly $330 billion per year in agricultural commodities, with contributions from livestock accounting for roughly half of that value (National Climate Assessment). Production of all commodities will be affected in many ways. The agricultural sector continually adapts to climate change through changes in crop rotations, planting

Agriculture is one of the major components affected by climate change that will dictate the future of Japan. Japan’s agriculture is limited, so it is highly subsidized and protected. The government has a policy of protecting its agriculture from international competition, yet it depends heavily on imports to feed the populace. 60% of its food intake relies on imports alone. Japan’s most important food crop, rice, is at huge risk with the changing climate. At the International Rice Research Institute, they have found that for each 1°C rise in average temperature, rice yield drops by about 10%. Warmer temperatures and increasing levels of carbon dioxide have normally been associated with higher crop yields, but it appears that this is not the case because of outlying factors such as water droughts, proliferation of pests, the arrival of the growing season and especially the impact of heat on flowering. Rice pollination is especially sensitive to temperature change and warmer temperatures have been found to lead to increasing sterility. Farmers can take measures of adaptation to counteract this difficulty. As the cultivating season lengthens, farmers should transplant their crops later, to ensure their crops do not reach maturity during the hottest time of year to avoid damaged crops. Japan should seek cooperation with other Pacific island nations to efficiently develop a strategy to deal with the rice crisis. Another major component affected by climate change is the Fish

The crop simulation models are the effective tools for understanding climate change effects on crop agricultural system (Li et al. 2015; Masutomi et al. 2009). These models have been employed to highlight the climate change impact on crop production and the vulnerability of agro-ecosystem. Several studies have used crop modeling to develop potential strategies to adapt to climate change in the different regions of the world in recent time (Xu et al. 2015; Shrestha et al. 2016; Banerjee et al. 2016; Eitzinger et al. 2017). The modeling studies from Bangladesh (Karim et al. 1996), Japan (Yoshida et al. 2015), China (Shen et al. 2011), Korea (Lee et al. 2012) and India (Krishnan et al. 2007) have been reported the country-specific

Climate change and variability poses a major challenge to current and future productivity of major crops. During the last century, there has been a rapid increase in various greenhouse gas emissions, leading to warmer temperatures, drought stress, and increased exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation. At the present rate of population increase and green-house gas emissions it is predicted that future climate will be warmer and drier, and there will be more occurrences of short episodes of extreme events of various stresses. Crops often exposed to short episodes of various abiotic stresses or its combination during its critical period of growth stages can limit its yield potential. Understanding of impact of climate change drivers and climate variability will be critical in developing crop management strategies to combat negative effect of climate change and variability. This review provides an overview of the influences of elevated carbon dioxide, high temperature stress, drought stress, elevated UV-B radiation and their interaction on various physiological, growth and yield processes of various crops. Elevated carbon dioxide will increase crop yield in C3 plants under optimum growth conditions. However, under high temperature, drought and UV-B stress conditions there will be very limited or no benefits of elevated CO2 on grain yield. It is predicted that global mean surface air temperatures will increase in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C by end of this century. Similarly,

The article first presents the current outlook on the region’s terrestrial biodiversity and carbon stock. The authors then move on to discuss how climate change in the region will impact these moving forward. Climate change issues discussed include sea level rise, temperature rises and increased storm severity, altered rainfall patterns and increased fire frequency. In addition to the impacts of climate change, the authors also explore the pervasive threats to biodiversity and carbon stocks and view these impacts in conjunction with climate change as well as how climate change is expected to make them worse.

Although, a number of recent studies have carried out the effects of climate variables on crop productivity using simulation crop models such as CERES-maize, CERES-rice or EPIC models (Lansigan et al. 2000; Rosenzweig et al., 2002; Tan and Shibasaki, 2003; Popova and Kercheva 2005; Tao et al., 2008; Yin et al. 2015,). Most of these studies estimate adversely harmful effects of climate change on agriculture in both developed and developing countries using crop models (process-based or statistical) with global climate model (GCM) outputs.

Although climate change might seem a hindrance to the progression of a country, there are some benefits that a country such as South Africa can experience due to its ability to adapt to the changing climate. One benefit that can be experienced isin South Africa’s’ agricultural sector which is the development of crops and food stuff that have the ability to tolerate various weather conditions. These conditions include extreme heat and cold conditions, droughts and flooding. Due to the drastic impacts of climate change has on food availability in South Africa, the development of such crops, particularly maize crops, will ensure that food security is maintained and that poverty is reduced.