Chap 18 Case Study

The four valves of the heart are the tricuspid valve, the pulmonic valve, the mitral valve, and the aortic valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. It is responsible for allowing blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the atrium. The pulmonic valve is located between the pulmonary arteries and the right ventricle and is responsible for allowing blood flow from the heart to the lungs. The mitral valve is found between the left atrium and the left ventricle, which allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle preventing backflow of blood back into the left atrium. The aortic valve is found between the aorta and the left ventricle and allows blood to flow to the aorta and throughout the body.

Electrodes must be placed in the correct landmarks to prevent misinterpretation of the ECG. If the electrodes are placed incorrectly, the ECG may read as ST changes, electrical axis, location of bundle branch blocks and location of infarcts (Riddle, 2008, para. 5). During the ECG, a total of 10 electrodes are applied to the patient. Six electrodes (V1-V6) are placed on the anterior chest in the proper anatomical landmarks, and these leads must be placed precisely for an accurate ECG interpretation. Electrodes V1 and V2 are placed on the fourth intercostal space with V1 on the right and V2 on the left (Riddle, 2008). Electrodes V3-V6 are placed on the left chest wall on the fifth intercostal space in the following order: V3 to the right of V4, V4 at the midclavicular line, V5 to the right of V6, V6 to the midaxillary line (Riddle, 2008). The remaining four electrodes are placed on both upper and lower extremities without touching the chest.

Individuals with this disorder further acquire congenital heart defects. It specifically blocks off the natural blood flow from the lungs and right chamber of the heart and/or causes an anomalous gap in the barrier that divides the heart chambers in two. Another symptom of this disorder are the problems involved in the digestive system. People who have this syndrome are

A ventricular septal defect or VSD is a heart defect. It’s congenital, this means that a baby is born with it. It is an opening or hole in the dividing wall called the Septum, between the two lower chambers of the heart, right and left ventricles. Ventricular septal defects are the most common type of congenital heart defects. A VSD allows oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle through the opening in the septum. Then it mixes with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. There are different types of ventricular septal defects, the type your child has depends on which part of the wall between the ventricles is involved. Also the size of the opening or hole varies. A ventricular septal defect may occur more often in some families, this is because of gene defects. But most of the time, the cause is unknown. Similarly to ventricular septal defect, an Atrial septal defect is a birth defect of the heart in which there is also a hole in the wall in the septum, but instead of dividing the lower chambers it divides the upper chambers of the heart (atria), here a hole can vary in size and may close on its own or may require surgery as well. An atrial septal defect is one type of congenital heart defect, in which also the baby is born with it.

Atrial Septal Defect affects the cardiovascular system of a person’s heart and affects a person’s life. The understanding of the heart and the process it completes in our bodies. As we look into the difference of what the heart does and the challenges you go through when your heart is not healthy. When we our born we our born with heart murmur’s in which they are supposed to close throughout your growing process. Atrial Septsl Defect is a hole in your heart that should be fixed in order for the person to live longer or a full life.

Atrial septal defect is a hole in the wall, or septum, that divides the upper chambers of the heart, which are called atria. Usually most children who develop ASP are fine because the hole either repairs itself or is too small to cause any trouble later on in life. If the septum is flawed, oxygen deficient blood can flow directly from the right side of the heart and combine with oxygen-rich blood in the left side of the heart, or vice versa. Therefore oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the body to be lower than normal due to this case. Every person had a hole in the septum to allow blood from the right atrium to enter the left atrium as a child which seals after birth due to the pressure drop on the right

This causes some oxygenated blood from the left atrium to spill into the right atrium instead of being pumped through the body. This causes fatigue and shortness of breath because there’s not enough oxygenated blood getting to your body. Atrial septal defect also causes excessive swelling in your legs and feet. You should describe your symptoms to the doctor as “I wasn’t able to catch my breath after moving some heavy boxes up a flight of stairs.” The swelling has gone down since you got to the doctor office but you took a picture of your feet because “My feet and ankles were huge. They’ve never been that big.” (Please bring page 6 into the exam room to show the medical

Tricuspid atresia is treated from birth and involve a combination of operations within the first two years of life. Initially a cardia catheterization procedure is done to evaluate the defects. Then generally 3 operations are done, including a Blalock-Taussig shunt, Glenn Shunt (done at 4-6 months of age) which replaces the initial shunt, and finally a Fontan procedure (done at 2-3 years of age) which forms a second that directs blood from the inferior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery. The Glenn shunt is left in place. Aortic Valve Stenosis is a heart defect that is either congenital or acquired. The disease itself can be described basically as the inability of the valve to open completely. Atrial Septal defect is caused by an opening the atrial septum, there are 2 ways it can be caused, including a congenital cause, or the hole that is present in the heart of every fetus is not properly closed at the postnatal stage. Coarctation of the aorta is the narrowing of the aorta and is a congenital disease. It can occur anywhere in the aorta however most often is found in the segment just after the aortic arch. Patent Ductus Arteriosus is usually found a

It is considered to account for the most deaths during the first week of an infant’s life who suffers from a congenital heart defect (Texas Heart Institute, 2014). In a healthy heart, oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart from the body. The heart receives the blood through the veins and enters the right atrium where it then pushes the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From here, the blood moves through the pulmonary valve out of the heart via the pulmonary artery and into the lungs where it receives oxygen to be transported. The blood returns to the heart by the pulmonary veins into the left atrium where it is then passed through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aorta valve where it is then sent throughout the body, returning to the right atrium to continue the cycle (American Heart Association,

The definition of TOF reads, a type of congenital heart defect. Congenital means that it is present at birth (UMMC, 2013). TOF occurs when there is 4 abnormalities all together. One of the 4 abnormalities is when a massive hole is in the wall of the muscle (septum) that separates the 2 bottom pumping cambers (ventricles) of the heart. The massive hole in the abnormality itself is a VSD. A VSD is known as a Ventricular Septal Defect. Due to the location of the VSD, two more abnormalities develop. One being that there is a vast blood vessel which take the blood to the body (aorta) is pulled toward, and “overrides” the ventricular septum so that it sits over both the left and right ventricles; this is called an overriding aorta (UMMC, 2013). The second abnormality that takes place is that the muscle produces obstruction to the blood flow going out the right across the pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, can be due to obstruction below the valve, at the valve or in the pulmonary arteries as they deliver blood out to the lungs (UMMC, 2013). There is different severities of TOF. The most acute form is known as pulmonary atresia. In patients with pulmonary atresia there is no functional pulmonary valve. The right ventricular outflow obstruction leads to thickening of the

This abnormality causes the aorta to arise from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery to arise from the left ventricle, which is opposite if normal anatomy.2 Patients may also present with narrowing of the pulmonary artery, hypertrophy of the right ventricle and atrophy of the left ventricle. TGA causes decreased oxygen supply to the body because deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles never reaches the lungs to be re-oxygenated. Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle does go to the lungs but is in a closed system so never pumps through the body, thus causing cyanosis, shortness of breath and decreased feeding in patients.4,5 In some patients a bidirectional shunt is present allowing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, however patients with no shunt will need surgical intervention in order to alleviate

Cardiac movement or pulsations are not usually visible in well-built patients and will be visible in a frail, elderly patient. However, discernable pulsations or newly developed movements may suggest cardiomegaly, hypertrophy, or valvular problems. Marked cardiac pulsations are evident in thyrotoxicosis and hypertension also. For cardiac auscultation to be effective, remember to provide a quiet environment as possible. Although this is difficult, close your eyes to block any visual stimuli and focus on the sound heard. Make sure that there is direct contact with the skin, diaphragm firmly pressed against the skin for high-frequency sounds, and bell lightly against the chest for low-frequency sounds. Listen to one sound at a time and compare the characteristic of this sound in the different areas. Auscultate five areas using the diaphragm, and then with bell of the stethoscope (see Figure 3-2). In an ICU setting, the best position to auscultate is supine and left lateral because left lateral will bring ventricles close to the chest wall. See Table 3-4 for descriptions of the heart sounds ( Murray & White, 1999). Evaluation of the pulses is an important in ICU assessment. Palpation of the most distal pulse, the dorsal pedis pulse, can give an understanding about both cardiac contractility (diminished bilateral pedal) and diminished arterial flow to that limb

Congenital cyanotic heart disease (CCHD) is a cardiac defect which facilitates complete mixing of the deoxygenated systemic venous blood returning from the tissue and the fully oxygenated pulmonary venous blood from the lung in a common receiving chamber. (4)

Atrial Septal Defect(ASD) is a very large problem concerning the heart in its overall function. When the heart, being the core of the cardiovascular system, has issues; it effects the rest of the body as a result. The core of the problem resides in the atrial septum. Normally the heart is divided into four separate chambers. But a person with atrial septal defect has an atrial septum that allows the blood from the left side of the heart back into the right side. This results in increased pulmonary blood flow and diastolic overload of the right ventricle. By having this constant left-to-right shunt, it can alter the pulmonary vascular resistance leading to hypertension or even the reversal of the shunt itself.

One symptom is heart murmur. Heart murmur is when your heart makes swishing sound heard in you heart. Other symptoms that are typically known is shortness of breath. This can happen when exercising or doing some kind of body workout. These treatment can be treated by different kinds of things. This disorder can be treated by doing heart surgery or cardiac catheterization. For the surgery they will stitch up the hole with surgical materials or your body’s own tissue. Cardiac catheterization is when they put a flexible tube in your heart to insert a device in the hole to cover it. People who have atrial septal defect face fewer challenges in their daily