Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Sun is the ultimate source of energy. Life on earth would not exist without the heat and light provided by the Sun. Harnessing the energy from the sun for hot water and electrical power could provide a renewable, low carbon energy source, and presents an attractive way of mitigating climate change. PV cell photovoltaic is the direct conversion of light into electricity. It uses materials which absorb photons of lights and release electrons charges. 1.1 Photovoltaic systems A Photovoltaic system is an arrangement of components designed to supply usable electric power for a variety of purposes, using the Sun as the power source. All photovoltaic (PV) systems are similar in nature but differ in details from each …show more content…
Fig:1.2 Block diagram representation of a grid-connected PV system Grid connected PV systems can be sub-divided into two systems: • Decentralized Grid connected PV systems • Centralized Grid connected PV systems 1.1.2.1 Decentralized Grid connected PV systems In these systems, energy storage is not necessary because solar radiation provides power in the houses and if there is surplus energy it can be injected into the grid (Fig.1.3).In this case,the inverter must integrate harmoniously with the energy(voltage and frequency) provided by the grid. During night or at any instants when the PV power is inadequate,the grid can be used as a storage system and will feed the houses. Fig:1.3 Decentralized grid-connected PV systems[2] 1.1.2.2 Central Grid Connected PV Systems It is a central photovoltaic power station and it is installed to systems up to the MW range.With this system,we can obtain medium or high voltage grid (Fig.1.4) Fig:1.4 Central grid connected PV systems[2] 1.2 Performance Dependents of PV systems • Technology • Ambient Conditions 1.2.1 Technology The majority of commercial solar cells are composed mainly of silicon(Si),although there are many other technologies and types of solar modules currently available and being developed.There are basically three major types
Solar energy is a renewable energy source meaning that the energy is generated by the sun. The way that solar produces energy is by the sun's rays that reach earth and converts into heat and electricity. Its transported by photovoltaic ( pv devices ) and solar thermal electric power plants. Examples of this energy source is : solar powered window blinds, bulbs, refrigerators, radios, calculators,
Jim Bob Duggar has surprised the public, media and doting fans of the reality television show, “19 Kids and Counting” when his latest views were revealed. It seems that the patriarch of the family was not in favor of talks that a new television show, staring his two eldest daughters, Jessa Duggar Seewald and Jill Duggar Dillard would have a chance at a spin-off series of their own. The chatter that surrounded the Jill and Jessa spin-off, according to TLC was discussed for some time and in depth about the show’s future.
A solar photovoltaic power system is a technology that converts the energy from sunlight into electrical energy. Residential solar photovoltaic systems can offset much of a household's power needs, depending on the size of the system and the household's needs. The output power from is directly proportional to power received from the sun, which varies throughout the day and year. The rated maximum output of the module might be achieved only occasionally, depending on actual site conditions. It is a renewable source of energy that is sustainable and totally inexhaustible. Solar energy is also a non-polluting source of energy that doesn’t emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity.
Volcano: A hill or mountain formed around and above a vent by accumulations of erupted materials, such as ash, pumice, cinders or lava-flow. The term refers both to the vent itself and to the often cone-shaped accumulation above it. (Scarth, 1994.) This definition can do Mt. Vesuvius no justice. Instead, I would describe it as one of the most hellish and population decimating volcanoes. Vesuvius lives…or lived! In its prime, Vesuvius covered and demolished two of Italy’s biggest cultural and artistic cities of its time. In this paper, I will be discussing volcanoes in general. In addition, Mt. Vesuvius, in particular, will be thoroughly looked at, as well as its 79 AD eruption.
How can the solar energy be stored? Solar panels cannot produce energy at night or during cloudy periods. But rechargeable batteries can store the electricity, the photovoltaic panels can charge the battery during the day, and this power can be drawn up in the evening. Most residential systems use deep-cycle batteries that can last for about ten years and can repeatedly charge and discharge about 80 percent of their capacity. While batteries are expensive, in remote areas they can often be more cost effective to them rather than using an electricity cable and extending it to a grid. But by choosing to go off the grid in this way, the batteries must be sized correctly for it to work. In most cases, though, purchasing electricity from the grid is cheaper than using
Because your solar panels are grid connected and you are putting energy back onto the grid, if your panels cannot produce energy because its a cloudy day or there is something obstructing your panels, your household will be powered directly from the grid until your solar panels are back up and producing energy. This allows you to truly enjoy the best of both worlds of solar and grid power.
With grid-tied renewable energy systems, there is no absolute need to conserve electricity or change your lifestyle. Your system will offset some or all of your usage, and your daily life can continue unchanged.
Fresh water is needed to sustain life for humans, animals, and plant life. Desalination plants should be built to aid in providing this necessary resource. According to the article entitled “A Source of Freshwater” the process of water desalination has been around since the time of Aristotle in 320 BCE. Also, desalination plants are inexpensive. Next, the plant will make up to 56 million gallons of fresh water each day. There for, 14% of people will lack fresh water by 2025. Finally desalination is the solution for the future. Some may say that the plants are too costly to build or bad for the environment, but it is well worth the costs and steps could be taken to protect ensure safety. In conclusion, water desalination plants should be built
The greatest energy that can be produced by the sun is electricity. Photovoltaics, or solar cells, capture the sun and convert it into electricity. Solar cells were discovered by the Europeans back in the 1870’s when they used selenium to develop the telegraph. They found that when light hits selenium it would produce and electrical current. Soon enough there were many scientists and engineers working on photovoltaic systems. Silicon and Selenium proved to be the two best elements to conduct electricity when light hits them. Photovoltaic systems (PV cell) work by converting the suns light into electricity. A semi conducting material absorbs the sunlight, that energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, this allows the electrons to flow through the material to produce electricity. The further development of solar cells can be attributed to the satellite industry. Solar cells were expensive and there was no use for them until satellites came. Because it is impractical to tether satellites it became important to develop solar energy at any cost that would power these satellites. This created a sustainable market for solar power, the first of its kind.
Photovoltaic (PV) is the most common solar collector used today; an example is the panels people put on rooftops or vending machines.
For the energy-as-a-service model, the solar pv system is designed to terminate or lock out electricity usage at the end of a particular period. It could be weekly or monthly, therefore customers will have to pay to access the electricity by recharging the solar pv system. Customers are allowed to acquire the system at a fraction of its full price. its
Due to the nature of solar energy, two components are required to have a functional solar energy generator. These two components are a collector and a storage unit. The collector simply collects the radiation that falls on it and converts a fraction of it to other forms of energy (either electricity and heat or heat alone). The storage unit is required because of the non-constant nature of solar energy; at certain times only a very small amount of radiation will be received. The storage unit can hold the excess energy produced during the periods of maximum productivity, and release it when the productivity drops. In practice, a backup power supply is added, too,
The ability to generate electricity from sunlight is a relatively new and exciting technology that offers many new opportunities in generating ‘green’ electricity. This technology is called solar photovoltaics or more simply, PV. PV offers the ability to generate electricity in a clean, quiet and renewable way. It makes use of the abundant energy from the sun, to generate electricity without the production of
Simply stated, the definition of "solar energy" is energy that is created by the sun. In the context of modern usage, "solar energy" may refer to technology that converts radiation from the sun into usable energy sources, such as electricity. In essence, solar panels gather energy from the sun 's rays and send the energy out through a process that results in electricity, that can be used to power homes, machinery and much more. Solar energy is a sought-after source of alternative energy because the sun offers a clean, renewable and cost-effective resource as long as it continues to burn and power life on Earth.