Chapter 11 Bio Review Essay

DNA replication is an intricate process that requires many different proteins. Each protein preforms a very specific function in the creation of a new DNA strand. First helicase works by unwinding or dividing the original double helix into single stands. The point where the DNA is separated by the helicase is known as the replication fork. Single strand binding proteins attach to the newly made single strand of DNA to prevent re-annealing. Next is the addition of an RNA

A) The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells.

b. S – Strands of dna within a chromosome separate from each other and complimentary strands are made.

To sum this up DNA is an electronegative molecule with a lacking Oxygen found in the nuclei of Eukaryotes. Now let's go deeper, DNA is not only composed of Sugar, it is also composed of a phosphate backbone, and nitrogenous bases. The phosphate backbone generally expressed as PO4^-3 provides support for the nitrogenous bases [also bonding through ester bonds. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are divided into two Purines [Adenine and Guanine] and Pyrimidines [Thymine, Cytosine, and uracil in RNA] Purines are double ring structures, and Pyrimidines are Single ringed. In other words, they provide the perfect asymmetry of the DNA double helix. When Watson and Crick did their DNA model, they noticed that two Purines bonded together meaning for instance A-G was too wide, and too Pyrimidines bonded together would be too thin. But how did they know which was which? It was found that Adenine always double bonds with hydrogen bonds of course with Thymine, and that Guanine will always triple hydrogen bond with

sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, to form units called base pairs. Most DNA

Introduction All living and once living things have a genetic code; which is made up by DNA. DNA is made up of phosphates, sugars, carbons, nitrogenous bases and hydrogen bonds all put together to make a double helical structure. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are Adenine(A), Thymine(T), Cytosin(C), and Guanine(G). They are bonded

Every living thing has it’s own genetic code, or DNA. DNA has a double helix structure and is made up of phosphates, sugars, carbons, nitrogen bases, hydrogen bonds, and phosphodiester bonds. The phosophodiester bonds in DNA are responsible for bonding the 3’ carbon

A stable DNA structure is formed when the two strands are a constant distance apart. This can only occur when a purine (A or G) on one strand is paired with a pyrimidine (T or C) on the other strand. The purine A can only pair up with the pyrimidine T and the purine G can only pair up with the pyrimidine C. Each letter corresponds to a specific nucleotide base. (Wexler 2) A nucleotide is any part of a group of molecules that, when linked together, form the building blocks of DNA or RNA.

3) Copy: DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides with their complementary counterparts to form a new strand of DNA. Replication runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

When analyzing DNA it is important to understand it and all the chemicals that it is made of. The first thing that’s important to know is simply what DNA stands for, which is deoxyribonucleic acid. The chemical units are called nucleotides, and each nucleotide has a compound of phosphate sugar which is the backbone, and a sugar deoxyribose. The Phosphates and sugars are the same in all nucleotides but the one thing that is different would be the bases. DNA bases are cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine. Each base has specific partner, for example Cytosine will always pair with guanine. And Thymine will always pair with adenine.

Strands of the DNA are composed of a sugar and phosphate, portions of the nucleotides while the middle parts of the DNA are made up of nitrogenous bases. The hydrogen bonds between phosphates cause the DNA strand to twist. The nitrogenous bases point inward on the ladder and form pairs with bases on the other side, like rungs. The nitrogenous bases on the two strands of DNA pair up, purine with pyrimidine (adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine) and are held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA has a spiral staircase-like structure. The steps are formed by the nitrogen bases of the nucleotides where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine with

DNA is a long curved structure, made up of pairs of four specific bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, is the repository of a code from which all of our cells are made. The code is made up of base pairs which look like the

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is the molecule that hold the genetic information of living things. In our body every cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is made up of two polynucleotide strands. Polynucleotide strands twist around each other, forming a shape that looks like a ladder called a double helix. The two polynucleotide strands run antiaparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases this means that the stands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. The DNA molecule consists of two backbones chains of sugars and phosphate groups. The organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds. Although bases bonded together are termed paired

The second stage of the process is complementary base pairing. In this stage, new complementary nucleotides are positioned following the rules of complementary base pairing: adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C). Then, the binding of free nucleotide with complementary bases is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.

Due to the DNA’s specificity, samples can be utilised for identification. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribose sugar bound to a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine). Each section of these three components are referred to as nucleotides, which are joined to the phosphate or sugar of another nucleotide by strong covalent bonds to form a backbone. The nitrogenous bases are joined to complimentary bases of another nucleotide (adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine) to create a double stranded molecule (Figure 2). To complete the double helical structure, the molecule coils to compact it’s contents. DNA molecules can contain up to two million base pairs, with a human genome containing approximately 3 million base pairs. The random assortment of nitrogenous bases as well as the numerous mutations within certain DNA sequences, results in genetically diverese DNA molecules and genomes between individials.