Chapter 19 Study Guide: Processes of Quantitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

Reliability is most commonly used to refer to the degree of consistency with which measurement can be conducted, and it focuses primarily on the instruments used in research. In this most simple consideration of reliability, a researcher must demonstrate that an instrument yields consistent results. The attributes of instruments must not produce variability in research outcomes that could be misconstrued as changes to the variables being measured. Two common data collection methods are referred to in this paper: Surveys and interviews. The data collection instrument for a survey could be a written questionnaire, while the data collection instrument for an interview could be a protocol for the interviewer or a video filmed while the research participant was being interviewed. For example, consider a questionnaire used to survey people about their use of tobacco. If the questionnaire language did not differentiate among the various forms of tobacco that people us, the lack of clarity and specificity of the survey instrument could evoke inaccurate responses from participants. These inaccuracies could mistakenly be attributed to the research variables.

This also provides flexibility in the analysis of the responses. On the other hand, standardized questionnaire items often represent the least common denominator in assessing people’s attitudes, orientations, circumstances, and experiences. By designing questions that will be appropriate for all respondents, it is possible to miss what is most appropriate to many of the respondents (Babbie, 1992).

Similarly, there exist several sources for measurement of error: the questionnaire, the data collection method, the interviewer, and the respondent. The questionnaire utilized was not provided in the report. Therefore, evaluation of the question wording effects and the response categories for questions cannot be made. However, according to the Pew Research, translation was carefully cared out in a multi-step process and data collection was meticulously recorded.

We’ll presume that you find measures that are (a) clearly related to your objectives and (b) reliable and valid. How will you determine that these measures are appropriated for the social class, literacy levels, and cultural backgrounds of your participants?

The information is presented in a direct manner, lacking unnecessary information, and written in a style which is easy for a range of readers to understand. They provide a thorough description of the development of the instrument, the norm population used, and an example of the survey, thus enabling the study to be replicated. A table of the frequencies and percentages of respondents’

The participants were asked to complete a survey. The first step was for the participants to read and understand the information regarding the rules of the survey before they began. After reading and complying with the rules, the participants had a choice to continue with the survey or opt out. The volunteers, were then presented with the newly created measure of fifteen questions regarding their level of anger. Following that were two other measures rating their level of aggression. All the questions were presented for each measure at a time. The participants needed to complete a measure before going to the next one. When the participants completed the final measure, the survey asked the participants to respond to two questions with a short response. When they finished, participants were asked to identify their demographics by answering the demographics questions. A total of 64 questions (including the three measures, two short response and demographics) were given to the participants taking roughly ten minutes to complete. The participants completed the survey online at their own pace without any supervision.

This section of the paper seeks to explain the steps that were taken to gather the data, the participants and sampling that were employed, the location where the data was collected, the instruments used to gather the data, ethical considerations that were thought of and the limitations and delimitation of this research.

Fixating the quantitative form of data: Since there is almost no probability of inaccuracies in qualitative information, you possibly want to modify numbers as well as tables within your assignment. I must say that there is no chance of survey questionnaires to be incorrect but the placement of numbers and equations in your paper could be inaccurate.

The first article is a quantitative methodology writing by (Bottrell, 2009) entitled “Quasi-experimental classroom research in young children's cognition”. This research study examined the 90 pupils form 23 different schools all ageing from six to seven years of age. This article also hypotheses on writing is a graphic representation of meaning, drawing is a graphic representation of meaning, writing and drawing require motor sensory performance, and drawings are interpreted through verbal expression. This article has been categories as a quasi-experimental research design assist the researcher determine specific trends and outcomes in specific groups through statistical analyzation. Although this particular style article has been seen within

Missing value is information that is not available on an object or case. Missing value occurs because information for an object is not provided, is difficult to find, or indeed the information is missing (Zhang et al., 2016). In the case of medical record data is often encountered some form that is not equipped in the filing, perhaps due to missed, forgotten, or maybe the medical record officer did not deign to fill it. Many of the data contained by the medical recorder did not match what was instructed in one of the examples in Table

I understand your position. This study can definitely fall under the quantitative study guidelines. I understand that qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of underlying reason and opinions, and the data is unstructured. Combining the two study types is also known to happen. Sometimes researchers use both types of research to compliment each other. Thank you for your feedback, I value your insight.

The behavior was observed from a large sample of people. This included twenty people shopping alone and twenty people shopping in a group, for a total of forty subjects, each ranging in ages from approximately 19 to 40 years old. The subjects were observed from the time they entered the store until the time they left. The reasoning behind this was to see the buying behavior differences for the whole experience and figure out which areas of the store could be improved in order to appeal to groups of people shopping. The behaviors observed included the amount of time spent inside the store, the amount of money spent, the interactions with associates, and the areas of the stores that were navigated.

Following the two main steps in analysing qualitative data, it is important translate qualitative information into meaningful results. Miles and Huberman (1994) argued that mass of data has to be reconfigured to show data reduction for simpler interpretation (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Data reduction is the first step in performing qualitative data analysis. The process of data reduction involves simplifying and transforming data for handling and management. Large data could bring enormous amount of information that makes it impracticable to assess. By transforming gathered information into usable forms, voluminous portions of the work will be translated to intelligible manuscript that helps in the generation of plausible sources of information for generalisation. With the application of deductive and inductive analysis, analysts interpret data on the basis of selection and emphasis. This will eventually lead to further data tests until data are substantially shaped up and reconfigured.

This chapter details the source of the data sets used and the data cleaning processes involved in order to make these data palatable with the statistical processes applied. It further explains the variables in the data set and how these were re-coded to a scale between 0-1.

In survey method research, participants answer questions administered through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, researchers describe the responses given. In order for the survey to be both reliable and valid it is important that the questions are constructed properly. Questions should be written so they are clear and easy to comprehend.