Chapter 2 Outline. Matter And Minerals. 1.Minerals: Building

5. The two primary types of chemical bonding is ionic and covalent. Ionic bonding is when atoms give

If all atoms want to have 8 electrons on their outer shell, what should happen between Ca and S for each atom to reach that state of having 8 valence

Some rock’s in the Earth’s interior that are solid, are so hot that, if the pressure on these were released, or they are convected into a lower pressure zone, they could begin to melt

1. Define Mineral: Any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula.

Mineralogy- An important part of Geology is the study of Minerals, their physical properties, structure, and chemistry. It helps us understand how they react with one another depending on the circumstances including weathering, fire, how deep, with living or non-living organisms. Minerology is broad and interesting field of study.

a. atoms lose electrons if they have just one or two electrons in their valence shells; they gain electrons if they need just one or two electrons to complete the valence shell as in K+CL- __Ionic bonds_

b) Observe and record data in the data table on its state of matter, appearance, and texture and whether it has a crystalline structure.

35. Polyatomic ions (Table E) are groups of atoms, covalently bonded together, with an overall charge.

A covalent bond is a bond that occurs when atoms in a molecule share a pair of electrons. For example, “the atoms in sugar do not form ions; instead, they are held together because of shared electrons.”

-Covalent bond- Electrons are shared between two atoms, neither atom completely gains or loses electrons. Between two nonmetals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry) An acid is molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron, or capable of forming a covalent bond with and electronic pair.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid A base in chemistry, is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base A covalent bond can also be known as a molecule bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond These electron pairs can also be known as shared pairs or bonding pairs. Electron pairs consist of two electrons that occupy the same orbital but they have opposite spins. Hydrogen ions is a common name for the aqueous cation H 30+, the type of oxonium ion made by protonation of water. It's the positive ion present an Arrhenius acid is dissolved in

A mineral is homogenous, naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties.

Which are most effective at shielding, despite all electrons in an atom shielding one another to some extent.

Before the atoms are bonded, the single, non-bonded pairs of electrons are called lone pairs of electrons. When the atoms combine by means of covalent bonding they form molecules. Simple covalent compounds consist of many small molecules. The covalent bonds within the molecules are strong but the bondings between them to form the compounds are relatively weak, the force that occurs between them is called the intermolecular force.

The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom the number of electrons is one. When a charge of electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will then cause the valance electron of that atom to jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.