Chapter 5 Network Layers Questions 3, 5, 8

TCP/IP is a protocol which transfers data across a network. It allows two different computers to communicate well even if they use different codes. Putting both computers into a new common code language which both computers

Section 1Computing Usable Subnets and Hosts vLab—40 Points Total * Task 1 * Task 2 * Summary Paragraph

1) In IP subnet planning, having a large subnet part allows more hosts per subnet.

When you type in a web address, e.g.www.google.com. DNS associates with the domain name, translates into IP address (for example 192.168.154.70 is the IP for google.com) and directs your Internet connection to the correct website.

IP stands for ‘Internet Protocol’ and is made of numbers and periods. It is the

In the space provided below, copy and paste your IP_FileWrite.vbs program sourcecode. If it doesn’t fit, use the next page for the continuation of your program sourcecode.

If we take the 172.16.0.0 range, that is /12. So that means that the network mask is 255.240.0.0. If we take 256-240 = 16 we get the block size which is 16. So that means that the range is from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 because 172.32.0.0 is the next block and would be a public IP.

Sockets is the form of communication (UDP and TCP) use the socket abstraction, which provides an endpoint for communication between processes to processes. Interprocess communication consists of transmitting a message between a socket in one process and a socket in another process. As the IP packets underlying UDP and TCP are sent to Internet addresses.

The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network, internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol (IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection-oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error correction isn’t needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi-player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

6. A starting address of 192.0.0.0 and ending address of 223.255.255.255 is a member of which network class? Class C

Network protocol communications, network connections established by host computer, network routing information, information about computers

There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Some of the features that UDP possesses that are not provided by TCP/IP. First, UDP is a connectionless protocol (No handshake), which means packets sent from one node to another without making sure whether any packet may be lost during the transfer. TCP, on the other hand, makes sure to establish a connection in order to send the packets from one node to another without losing any packets. It is also known as handshake process, where nodes synchronize (SYN),

The application layer: this layer allows different applications to communicate with each other’s. In order to exchange different data over the network connection, the protocols included in this layer set up the standards such as DNS, HTTP, FTP. The data coded in this layer will be encapsulated to transport layer for further packing.

What is IPv4? IPv4 is a 32-bit address used for communication between nodes using the TCP/IP protocol. The IPv4 address is broken into 4 octets each 8 bits long in binary and are broken into 5 different classes. Class A addresses start out where the first octet of the IP address ranged from 1-127 where 10 is reserved from private IP addresses. Class B addresses start out with 128 - 191 and has the 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x reserved from private IP addresses. Next is class C addresses that range from 192 - 223 in the first octet where 192.168.x.x is reserved from private IP addresses. Class D addresses range from 224 -239 in the first octet and are reserved from multicasting network traffic. Finally we have class E that range from 240 - 255 in the first octet and is reserved for experimental purposes ("IPv4," 2016).

Key tools utilized, variable length subnet masking and route summarization are explained as well. Here choosing the appropriate routing protocol is equally critical for a successful design. To implement different masks for the same major network it is necessary to have a routing protocol that supports VLSM. Such routing protocols are called classless routing protocols. They carry the mask information along with the route advertisements therefore allowing for the support of more than one mask.