Chapter II : Literature Review Essay

1. What figure will Cal Jenson report to Fred Donofrio for the amount that absenteeism cost ONO last year?

There has been an increasing number of cases in the United States involving transgender children going through gender social transition. Transgender people are individuals who have a gender identity that does not correspond with their sex at birth (Olson, Durwood, DeMeules, & McLaughlin, 2016), and these individuals may undergo several forms of transition. Gender social transition can be defined as the situation in which individuals make changes in their social life by expressing themselves and live according to the gender that they identify with, instead of their sex at birth. These life changes may include using a different name, using different pronouns, changing physical appearances on the surface level (e.g., clothing, hairstyle), and even using a bathroom that aligns with the person’s identity. However, these changes do not include any medical or hormonal intervention. Thus, making it purely social intervention. This phenomenon also appears amongst children, which raised debates among the people, including the scientific community. Existing psychological literature have studied children who experience gender dysphoria (GD), defined as a sense of discomfort that resulted from from incongruence between gender identity and assigned sex (Steensma, 2013). The term was historically known as gender identity disorder (GID). The psychology community have explored the topic on whether or not parents should allow their children to go through gender social transition, and the

Fifty years ago, nobody could ever have imagined how widely accepted transgender individuals would be in modern times. Countries all around the world had only ever known about the social distinction between men and women, which is known as ‘masculinity vs. Femininity’. However, now it is much more complex than that; as transgender and gender confused individuals are more widely accepted, it has become more of a case of sex vs. gender. “Sex is the biologically based distinction between men and women centring on sexual organs, while gender is the social and cultural rendering of masculinity and femininity.” (Oakley, 1972) And even though transgenders are accepted into society they still face inequalities such as not being accepted into a particular community, ostracised by families and friends,

Kidd and Witten define the term transgender vaguely, stating it “describe[s] people who transcend the conventional boundaries of gender, irrespective of physical status or sexual orientation” (Kidd & Witten, 2007, p. 36). This term is a reference for the ‘other gender’ that is not particularly male or female. Currently, within the American society, there is a growing awareness of individuals who are transgender. Much of this awareness comes from LGBT movements and

The purpose of this study was to prove how minority stress correlates with mental health within the transgender community. As defined by Meriam-Webster Dictionary, transgender “is relating to, or being a person who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person 's sex at birth” (Merriam-Webster, 2016). For example, male to female, or female to male. However, researchers in this study used the minority stress model, which suggested that the stress associated with stigma, prejudice, and discrimination will increase rates of psychological distress in the transgender population (Bockting, Miner…& Coleman, 2013). As evident from past research, physical violence, verbal harassment and employment discriminations were some of the many types of societal prejudices. In fact, as seen in the article, these stresses create depression, anxiety, and other types of mental illness within the transgender community. However, researcher’s goals were to see exactly how these different variables increased levels of stress. For example, was there negative types of stigma that were less or more server, and what could help to alleviate stress?

In the United States Transgender women (individuals who are sex-assigned male at birth but identify as female) experience high rates of severe depression due to pervasive discrimination that they face in society. According to Hoffman (2014), when compared to the general population, Transgender individuals experience much higher rates of depression with estimates as high as 62% (as cited in Clements-Noel, Marx, Guzman, and Katz, 2001). Due to these high rates of depression, Transgender women are at increased risk for overall negative health outcomes, which severely limits them from living happy, healthy, and productive lives. According to studies by Nemoto, Operario, Keatley, Nguyen, and Sugano, (2005) there is a growing understanding of the

Kailey (2005) started off Just Add Hormones by introducing the terms sex and gender as individual and different words in definition. He also spoke about how transgendered people take much longer to transition than what people frequently assume. Most people assume that one surgery can make a male a female, or a female a male. The book overall discusses the stereotypes transgender people have, and how those stereotype dehumanize regular people. The book shows accurate differences between being female and being male. It allows readers to fully understand Kailey’s (2005) experiences in every aspect of life in both a male and female lense. The book is going to be helpful because it compares and contrasts life as a male to life as a female. This perspective is going to support all three of the themes: gender socialization in the workplace, gender roles in relationships and gender socialization in family, because it contains Kailey’s perspective in

A cultural population that is possibly the most marginalized and misrepresented in health care, is the transgender and gender-nonconforming community (TGNC). Sex and gender are two different concepts. A person’s sex refers to their biological status as either male or female, or the assigned sex at birth (Bradford, 2016). Gender describes the characteristics that a society or culture claims as masculine/male or feminine/woman (Nobelius, 2004). Gender identity is the feeling a person has of being male or female or a combination of both. It is how the person see’s themself. TGNC people connect with a different gender than their birth gender (Dickey, Budge, Katz-Wise & Garza, 2016), in other words, their gender identities do not match with the sex or the gender role expected by society.

Transsexuals rank lowest in overall wellbeing (Gates). SIRS researcher writes, “The American Psychiatric Association uses the term ‘gender dysphonia’ as the medical diagnosis for people who feel their birth-assigned sex and their gender identity do not match.” Civilians need a better understanding that transgender people need better protection. People against transsexuals believe that transgender are “ghastly” and are having an “identity crisis.” Transsexuals need protection in the workplace, public facilities, and in athletics/sports.

In summary, the knowledge I gained through this analysis did change my thoughts about this work. Wheatley uses art to communicate a variety of thoughts in the poem such as religion, race, and self-expression. She links art with spiritual fulfillment, which I initially did not see. Wheatley states to Spicio Moorhead (the African painter in the poem) that their

Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7. (2011). International Journal of Transgenderism, 13:165–232. Routledge. ISSN: 1553-2739 print / 1434-4599 online DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2011.700873

The medical and behavioral (DSM) community has chosen to let go of the more shadowy term “Gender Identity Disorder,” in favor of a less charged and hopefully more suitable term, “Gender Dysphoria,” for transgender individuals. This paper will explore conventional clinical perspectives and subsequent changes therein; survey a few theoretical frameworks, both conventional and more post-modern, in order to gain a better understanding of how to effectively work with gender dysphoria. The main body of this paper will be structured under specific headings, beginning with a brief historical description of gender dysphoria, followed a brief discussion on etiology with some clinical implications. Current theoretical frameworks will be presented

The healthcare needs of the transgender community are complex and as such they face many obstacles in finding and receiving quality medical care. A transgender individual is someone who identifies with a sex different from the one assigned to them at birth. How an individual defines their sexual orientation and gender identity can cause significant clinical, administrative, and financial difficulties when seeking healthcare services. The article “Transgender patients need more access to competent, compassionate care” by Debra Beaulieu-Volk addresses some of the challenges faced by this community and offers suggestions to the healthcare professionals on improving transgender patient care.

Being transgender is where one’s gender identity does not actually reflect their actual sex (Goldberg, 2014). A transgender individual encounters discrimination, as to many it is a confusing behavior that is perpetrated by society, and the media. There are concerns of ethics, as well as concerns about society and how they are affected by the changes being implemented to accommodate those that are transgender. There is uproar within the walls of society when a transgender people express themselves and are hailed a hero. The transgender person often times suffers from more than just the discrimination against their identity; it is said that often times various psychological influences are in play, and they need to be dealt with in some cases to rid one of such feelings. Needless to say society has been placed in very delicate situations as not to call a transgender person transgendered. Transgender is an adjective, and not a noun, which seemingly exudes a sense of discrimination (“Human Rights Campaign,” 2011).

This part of the study contains related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth research of the researcher. Related literatures come from both foreign and local published literatures that became the basis for the researcher to pursue this study. Related studies come from both foreign and local studies that has relationship or in relation on her study.