Chapter Two : Review Of Literature

Learning provision for literacy development is important for pupils for several reasons. When pupils are developing their language skills they are learning to communicate with others in a variety of ways through speaking reading and writing. The three areas of language interact with each other to promote the child’s self expression and imagination. Children need to be given opportunity’s to use and extend their language in all subject areas so they can develop higher level thinking. [ Louise burnham, Brenda Baker,2010,pg206]

Since good language promotes strong literacy, then it is only logical for language deficiencies to cause problems with literacy. This paper will discuss some key factors that influence literacy development. When properly obtained the skills can lead to successful literacy abilities. When not properly depicted, these same skills can cause a negative impact, or deficiencies in literacy development.

America now is a very culturally diverse nation; most of the minority and immigrant population lives in cities, which indicates that the public school classrooms in urban areas are full of versatile cultural identities. According to the 2000 Census record, minority and immigrant populations has grown in increasing numbers, and most of those people live in urban areas and attend public high schools; also, the level of residential segregation still remains as high as in 1990, which proposes new problems for immigrants and minorities. Monocultural schools are very rare and the global society is very multicultural; it is very logical to prepare students in schools to enter this diverse society (Le Roux 48). Teachers are largely responsible

Immigrant students are among the fastest growing populations in American public schools. “The lives of secondary level immigrant students are extremely complex because they undergo change in many dimension in their lives at once. Not only are they grappling with obvious cultural and linguistic differences, but they must learn the institutional culture of school in order to be successful” (Pam McCollum, Ph.D. and Juanita García, M.A.) When students immigrate at school age, some of them go through the transitioning process with little to no issues. However, there are many who face issues in regards to cultural adaptations and social interactions. As David B. Tyack states in his text, ‘The One Best System,’ “challenges like Americanization of

To my surprise, the challenges that the minority students experience in the United States have never crosses my mind. However after going through this article, I bet to concur with all the arguments provided by the authors. It is true the high number of people migrating to the United States have significant impacts on the nation at large. This is because many people have known the things that are happening in the schools regarding the perception on minorities and little efforts have been done to deal with the situation. The message writtern in the article is reiablesince the United States as a nation is facing a problem when it comes to its ability to accommodate people who are moving into the country especially in terms of schooling (Commins & Miramontes, 2006). Additionally, there is also an issue about teaching language were the minorities are experiencing a problem in learning linguistics. The fact that the increasing number of immigrants to the United States has posed a challenge to the school system is also interesting. The discussion about the success of linguistic languages in schools is something that has been in mind for a long time.

Within the United States the rate of the foreign-born population—i.e. those who are not a U.S. citizen at birth (US Census Bureau, 2016)—has been steadily increasing over the past several decades. Since the 1970s, numbers have increased from 9.6 million foreign born immigrants, to more than 40 million foreign born immigrants in 2013 (Pew Research Center, 2015, p. 65). Another change also shows the variating demographics of the immigrants. In the 60s and 70s, many of the immigrants came across from Europe, whereas in 2013, most were from either Latin America, or South or East Asia. In addition to this, fifty percent of U.S. immigrants label themselves as speaking English “less than very well,” with only 16% claiming to speak only English within their home (Pew Research Center, 2015, p. 70). This sort to twist in the language learning behaviors can have profound impacts on scholastics, as well as community and social involvement, leading to the creation of conclaves of different immigrant populations. Many ethnic groups tend to cluster together in specific locals, with the states of California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas having the counties with the largest foreign-born populations in 2013 (Pew Research Center, 2015, p. 16). With them, they bring their own ideals, dreams, hopes, and ideations about what life in the United States would be like.

In the 1990's Multicultural education has started to address the educational guidelines to help society understand there are various ways to express cultural through education. Richard Rothstein found that during the immigration period from 1880 to 1915, few Americans succeeded in school, least of all immigrants; immigrants of all backgrounds did poorly. Instead, it was the children and grandchildren of European immigrants who fared well in school, but the myth that first-generation immigrants "made it," at least in terms of academics, is firmly established in the public psyche. (Nieto & Bode, 2012). At one time Immigrants used public schools just to fit in. Today protesters and other open-minded groups are trying to preserve native cultures. A lot of immigrant’s parents understand children will do well if the native language education protected the culture at home. But others felt their children's integration mandates teaching in English only.

Socioeconomic status (SES) has an enormous impact on language development. As said by Erika Hoff, author of Language Development, “there is abundant evidence that” (102) there is a gap in language development when comparing children in high SES homes to children in low SES homes. An arguably more important topic is why the gap in language development exists. There are many potential reasons, but the main reason why the language gap exists is that parents in low SES homes don’t talk to their children to same way or the same amount as parents in high SES homes.

“Literacy learning has a profound and lasting effect on the social and academic lives of children. Their future educational opportunities and career choices are directly related to literacy ability. Since early childhood is the period when language develops most rapidly, it is imperative that young children are provided with a variety of developmentally appropriate literacy experiences throughout each day, and that the classroom environment is rich with language, both spoken and printed. Early childhood teachers are responsible for both understanding the developmental continuum of language and literacy and for supporting each child’s literacy development.

Through this week learning resources, I have learned that there are evidences that demonstrate that when a child has limited experiences he or she is more likely to have difficult comprehending what is read. It is why early childhood professionals affirm that oral language is the foundation for literacy development. Everything that children learn about speaking and listening they use for writing and reading and what they learn from writing and reading they use in listening and speaking. In other words, oral language and literacy develop simultaneously. When parents provide rich language and literacy reinforcement at home, children do better in school than those who do not. It is also known for early childhood professionals that for a child with limited experiences is more difficult comprehending what is read. For example, a child who has being exposed to many environments like a farm or like a museum will have more mentally engagement in classrooms activities about things he or she already know that children who have not had experience in those environments. Many researches showed that children that have not have a literacy development or an oral language development years before formal schooling, are less likely to be successful beginning readers, opening an achievement lag that might last through the primary grades. Some of the reasons why parents are not actively involved into their children’s educations are their socioeconomic or legal status. For example, in an immigrant family sometimes both parents have to work and sometimes they have to work two shifts. I have known families where children are the whole day in school and with nannies. Those children do not develop any skills that help them to succeed at the time of attending forming school.

Literacy is a fundamental social skill in our life. Many past studies of adult literacy have tried to count the “low literacy” in the U.S, evaluating literacy as a simple checklist that individuals either do or do not have, however, the definition of the literacy are still argued in the teaching field that many researchers think it’s too simple to narrow down the literacy into rigid categories.

Reading is a skill often taken for granted but it is essential in order to progress in life. For a child being able to read well helps them learn new things, give ideas and enables use of imagination. National literacy trust (2015) suggests that children’s early language skills can have a major impact on a child’s development of literacy skills. Five-year olds with poor language and literacy have a higher risk of underachieving at age seven and beyond. Reading skills encourage more opportunities in life and it can affect a child’s wellbeing if they do not achieve this effectively (Finnegan,2015).

Education is one of the most important factors in every person’s life regardless of where they’re from, their race, or their culture. Becoming educated not only makes life easier for us but also can help people become more successful in all things. However with so many people of various races, ethnicities and backgrounds in the United States it is difficult to create an education system that attends to each student’s individual culture. Ones own culture influences their actions and lifestyle, therefore this can create conflict if it is different from their schools cultural teaching style. Multicultural and multilingual classrooms have become the norm in many educational and professional settings throughout the U.S. because of changing immigration patterns caused by globalization (Institute for Educational Leadership, p. 2). For teachers today, it is essential to understand the role of culture and have the ability to interact interculturally in the classroom to create an effective learning environment. Analyzing cultural issues or differences can help teachers to understand some of the unconscious processes that shape individuals’ actions and interactions, as well as their language use and communication. “Teachers who understand cultural diversity…are more likely to be successful in their multicultural classrooms” (Samovar, Pg.2).

The English language is known as a worldwide recognized language, and teaching English to young learners has become increasingly popular worldwide, Yoko, G.B. (2015). It is being used in many parts of the world either as an official language or a second language of a country. The usage of English language has become significant in our daily life. A child should start to learn the English language at the early stage. This is because early childhood is a crucial time period for the development of the mental functions of a child. Parents have to play their main role in educating their children in their early stage. There are a lot of advantages in learning English in the early stage. This proposed review will discuss the advantages of learning the English language at an early stage and the challenges faced by the parents in exposing the English language to their children in the early stage.

Company XYZ’s die converting production area has experienced waste due to scratching and delamination which cause scrap. Parts being scraped cause a reduction in profits and a decrease in production capacity for the company. The study leveraged Six Sigma techniques to pinpoint and address the waste created in the manufacturing process and will propose solutions to the manufacturing system. The primary manufacturing processes in the privacy filter manufacturing operation included steel rule die converting, sacrificial premask removal, and manual inspection. Based on the production methods listed, the literature was reviewed on manufacturing, six sigma, DMAIC, root cause analysis, and waste.