Characteristics Of A Stable Angina

Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and symptoms. (5 marks)

Stress Test: Provides EKG data changes during exercise and this warrants the need for further intervention (McConaghy & Oza, 2013).

Chest pain is a very common symptom, and around 20% to 40% of the general population will experience chest pain in their lives(149). In the UK, up to 2 % of visits to a general practitioner are due to new onset chest pain (150). Approximately 5% of visits to the emergency department are due to a complaint of chest pain, and up to 40% of emergency hospital admissions are the result of chest pain(149, 151). Approximately 52,000 new cases of angina per year are diagnosed in men and 43,000 in women. The incidence of angina increases with age(123).

Ivabradine has captured the attention of scientists and has opened up new possibilities for the treatment of stable angina and chronic heart failure. Ivabradine is being developed as an anti-angina drug in patients with stable coronary artery disease and was found to reduce heart rate by selectively inhibiting the pacemaker (If) current in the sinoatrial node (Jedlickova et al., 2015). Recent studies have noted how the reduction of heart rate caused by ivabradine has broader implications on heart health, and also how ivabradine can potentially improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) by mechanisms other than heart rate reduction. Studies have also looked at using ivabradine in more than just treating stable chronic angina, but also in other types of CVD and even chest pains. O 'Connor et al., (2016) examined the effects of ivabradine following myocardial infarction in mice and Jedlickova et al., (2015) through studying ivabradine used as an angina treatment in humans, looked at the effects of ivabradine on endothelial function. These studies have highlighted how ivabradine may not only be beneficial as a treatment via heart rate reduction, but also through pleiotropic mechanisms (Heusch and Kleinbongard, 2016). Ivabradine is an important area of research because it can be useful in more than one context.

Stable Angina: She has substernal chest pressure, but she doesn’t suffer from nausea, diaphoresis and shortness of breath. She has problem with physical examination, such as blood pressure. According to the ESG, there is no angina.

The case study that I chose is that of a 63-year-old African American (AA) woman that presents with intermittent chest pain for two weeks. She states that the pain varies in intensity and resolves with rest. She does not feel that the pain has increased over time. She had an exercise stress test one

You will exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike. While you exercise, your heart activity will be monitored with an electrocardiogram (ECG), and your blood pressure will be checked. If you are unable to exercise, you may be given a medicine to increase blood flow to parts of your heart.

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“Ischaemic Heart Disease is the generic designation for a group of closely related syndromes resulting from myocardial ischemia- an imbalance of between the supply (perfusion) and demand of the heart for oxygenated blood” [I] However Ischemia is not only characterised by the insufficiency of oxygen, a lack of available nutrient substrates, and inadequate removal of metabolites also plays a combined role. Ischaemic Heart Disease is caused by a lack of blood flow through the blood vessels, these vessels are also known as Coronary Arteries. The blood vessels transports oxygen directly to the heart, however over time these blood vessels can starting accumulating plague, reducing the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart, isolated hypoxemia. The

Nausea and chest pain are some symptoms of the coronary artery disease. The coronary artery collects over time plague that causes narrowing of the artery. Due of the narrowing their arteries it causes the blood flow to the heart to be limited or complete

A stress test. This is a test to monitor your heart's activity while you exercise.

nutrients to it. When there is a blockage developed is developed in the coronary artery it will result in

Since the patient lives in a neighborhood where the streets are unsafe for exercise, I would recommend him to drive, walk, or bike to a park nearby and walk for 30 minutes. He may also exercise at home for 30 minutes each day, five days a week. The exercise that he can do at home such as climb stairs, pushups, sit-ups, or jogging. The American Heart Association (AHA) (2016) recommended the exercise for overall cardiovascular health are the following options: 1) at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity at least five days a week for a total of 150 minutes; or 2) at least 25 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity at least three days per week for a total of 75 minutes; or a combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic activity; and 3) moderate- to high-intensity muscle-strengthening activity at least two days per week for additional health

Crowd psychology is the fundamental idea behind the term propaganda. One of the most successful public relations influencers Edward Bernays wrote in his book “Propaganda”. ”If we understand the mechanisms and the motives of the group mind, it is now possible to control and regiment the masses according to our will without them knowing it.” Many argue that propaganda is unethical due to the fact that it is a manipulation and control of the group mind. In this paper, I will be studying what makes propaganda ethical and compare the effective propaganda techniques that have been used in some of the most recent campaigns. Specifically, focusing on public relations campaigns in such as Always, Under Armour, and Dove" campaigns that have recently

The last stressor that I’m going to talk about is something I found out about just recently. I found out that I have something called Prolonged QT. Prolonged QT is a heart defect that causes fast, chaotic heartbeats. This means that my heart is not beating correctly. (Stress: Biological) I was told that I could not play sports or do anything to difficult. I was told that if I was to play sports, my heart could just give out. I got some stress from this. I have been going to the doctor for the past seven months and nothing has helped. The first time I went in my heart rate was 101. The last time I went in was 98. I have had to take multiple pills and try different things and nothing has changed. The thing that really has me stressed is that