Chapter 1: ABSTRACT Baoli also called bawdi or stepwell, or vaav are wells or ponds in which the water can be reached by descending a set of steps. They may be covered and protected, and are often of architectural significance.. Built by successive rulers of Delhi to provide constant water supply to the city, baolis are an important aspect of Delhi’s architecture. Though not as ornate as the medieval Gujarati stepwell or vav, Delhi’s baolis are, nevertheless, unique and grand in their structure. Baolis or stepwells is well which is approached by a flight of stpes from one side or either of four sides depending upon the planning and style of baoli built in that phase of period. All forms of the stepwell may be considered to be particular examples of the many …show more content…
So many pillars and lintels are made to support the five or seven storeys and that too everything under the surface of the earth. Stepwells have also withstood the earthquakes in the range of 7.6 on the Richter scale – the large flat stones joined superbly are hard to move. So, by taking so many reasons the structures of baolis evolved at every period For the Indian summer, these not only fulfill the original purpose of giving water but also became cool retreats. Art became a part of stepwells. Walls, cornices, pilasters, pillars and niches were decorated with reliefs and sculptures. Over the years, the medieval architects also experimented with different designs. There are four types of stepwells but reality shows countless variations of this basic classification: • Nanda – the simplest and common type with one flight of steps leading to the shaft. • Bhadra – two flights of steps aligned in line with the shaft in the middle. • Jaya – three flights of steps perpendicular to the adjacent ones and arranged in three directions around the central shaft. • Vijaya – similar to Jaya but in four
The idea of courtyard goes back to Neolithic Times. It was conceived for such needs as providing protection from natural forces : weather, wild life or human invasions. Later on, it was transformed in functional architecture that can be characterized by its design, structure and environment uses. Apart from its climatic functions, the cultural aspect has the same importance.
This is the name for one of the line segments which make up a polygon.
there is a point of view angle to establish the area and a high, tall
One of the Three designs that, in duplicate, make up the six sides of the Hellraiser Box, Or Lament Configuration.
The architecture “norm” for aristocratic homes was in the Shinden-zurkuri style, “which was clearly based on the principle that the individual parts of the building should be merged as much as possible into the garden” (Yoshida, p.12). The main building, named the Shinden, represented the area reserved for the master himself, and always opened up to the south side of the garden. There were corridors, or tai-no-ya, connecting the Shinden to the rest of the buildings in the complex. There corridors created an enclosure which is where a lake would be placed and where the stroll garden was erected.
The history of Architecture started long time ago. The nomadic were groups of people whom move from one place to another in order find shelter and food to survive. As they progress, their techniques to survive evolve. The need for a permanent shelter became vital for a better stability of the group. This is the time when the first structures that provided protection appeared. Post and lintel were the first forms of Architecture, that satisficed the basic needs. Architecture evolved to be more sophisticated and fulfill the people’s needs. Consequently, Architecture evolved throughout different periods such as: Ancient architecture, Romanesque, The medieval, Renaissance, Early modern, and the industrial age, Modernism and Contemporary
The Great Stupa at Sanchi was constructed around the third to first century BCE. The Great Stupa is a burial mound that is not a tomb but used to house relics of Buddha. Around the stupa is the fence with toranas that are intended to protect the remains of Buddha form the outside world. These fences are adorned with relief sculpture that tells of Buddha’s past lives. Buddhists will make pilgrimages to this location to further their walk to enlightenment. A visitor of the Great Stupa would enter through one the toranas, walk up the stairs, and then walk around the structure in a clockwise direction. This is called circumambulation and is supposed mimic the movement of the earth and the sun to bring the visitor in to harmony with the
These are evenly placed on the two outermost section of the hotel, which is broken vertically and horizontally perfectly into thirds. The Foreground, mid, and background are almost literal representations of the very essence of the rule of thirds. In combination with the vertical divisions; the three defined front portions (left of stairway, section center, and right of stairway), the three portions of the front, the three arches and the three words “Grand Budapest Hotel) which all suggesting the neat, precise, and orderly nature of the
To reduce the damage that earthquakes create, people construct buildings that are stable. Japan is where there are lots of earthquakes but their buildings don’t collapse. Japanese pagodas are five stories. The pagodas are held up by a central pillar acting as the support. During earthquake’s, each floor balances independently without transmitting force to other floors.
Its general architecture has also been subjected to centuries of weathering. The monument consists of a number of structural elements, mostly circular in plan. On the outside is a circular ditch, with a bank immediately within it, all interrupted by an entrance gap on the northeast, leading to a straight path called the Avenue. At the center of the circle is a stone setting consisting of a horseshoe of tall uprights of sarsen (Tertiary sandstone) encircled by a ring of tall sarsen uprights, all originally capped by horizontal sarsen stones in a post-and-lintel arrangement. Within the sarsen stone circle were also configurations of smaller and lighter bluestones (igneous rock of diabase, rhyolite, and volcanic ash), but most of these bluestones have disappeared. Additional stones include the Altar Stone, the Slaughter Stone, the Heel Stone, and the Station stones, and the last standing on
Path 1 (roof): Start → 1→ 3 → 5 → 7 → 8 → End
Each part of the pyramid between two steps is referred to as a mastaba. Each accreditation wall or layer formed one step of the step pyramid and defined the base of the next mastaba by reducing the height of the wall layer by layer. (Arnold 1991, p 159)
The stone fence surrounds the whole stopa to restrict the outside world from the sacred burial mound. The dome shape of the stopa represents the mountain of the world. The toranas are large stone pillars that are placed in the cardinal points of the stone fence, north, east, south, and west. Directly on top of the stupa sits the harmika. This harmika is a rectangle shape stone fence that represents an area of the gods. In the center of this harmika extends the yasti, a pole like structure protruding towards the universe representing the axis of the universe. There are three chatras that are pierced through the yasti. The chatras are stone discs that represent the union of the earth and the “heavenly paradise” (Kleiner, p. 15). The stupas are walked around in a clockwise manner by Buddhists because that is the same movement of the earth around the sun. This is known as circumambulation. The theory of circumambulation is that it “brings the devotee into harmony with the cosmos” (p. 15). This is the standard blueprint to which all stupas are constructed, thus allowing the Buddhists to circumambulate the structure.
These step pyramids were not true pyramids, however, but by the second dynasty of the Old Kingdom, true pyramids began to take shape. The now-ruined pyramid of Meidum is an early example of a true pyramid. While the ruined core of the superstructure is the only thing that really remains of this pyramid, archaeologists have deduced that it was originally built as a step pyramid, and then later converted to a true pyramid by building over the steps, thereby flattening the sides (Edwards 74-77). However, the evolution of the true pyramid was not without its flaws. One good example of this is the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur. At the beginning of its existence, the pyramid was supposed have a slope of 60 degrees. But when the pyramid was being built, cracks began to develop in it, so the builders quickly compensated by giving the sides a shallower angle. However, it appears they did not compensate enough, and another adjustment had to be
When a strip foundation is to be used on a sloping site the most economic solution is to use a stepped foundation which will reduce the amount of excavation, construction under ground, backfill and trench support. The provision of stepped foundations following the line of the ground requires each step to be between 150 and 225millimetres in order to accommodate brick or block courses. The lap of concrete at the step should be not less than the depth of the foundation concrete and never less than 300millimetres whichever is the greater.