Characterization Of Photo Catalysts : Raman Spectroscopy

2. The carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shells, its electrons will readily form a covalent bond, it will readily bond with other carbon atoms, and will also share more than one electron with other atoms are three characteristics of the carbon atom that are important in forming organic compounds.

Characterization of activated carbon is done by by using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and FTIR (Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy)

Figure 6.9. SEM micrographs showing the existence of structural pores in SC-CNCs, indicating the porous nature of (a) NC-1, (b) NC-2, and (c) NC-3.

Where A is the initial absorbance when the experiment first starts, l is the path length of the cuvette (2.54 cm), and [CV]t is the initial concentration of crystal violet.

Aim: To classify unknown substances according to their structure type and to observe how the structure of materials affects their uses.

The activated carbon thus formed was washed with sodium hydroxide solution and double distilled water until the pH of the wash liquor becomes 7. The banana peel activated carbon (BPAC) thus, obtained was dried, powdered and stored in a sealed bottle. The pictorial representation of the preparation of BPAC is given in Fig. 1. 2.2 ADSORPTION OF ANTHRACENE Anthracene adsorption

Carbon has six total electrons; two of the electrons it has are in its first electron shell while the other four are its valence electrons. Due to its four valence electrons, it rarely gains and/or loses electrons and/or form ionic bonds due to the fact it would have to give away or take four other electrons. In order to complete its outer shell, carbons shares its valence electrons with other atoms by having four separate covalent bonds. The carbon atom then becomes the crossing point where each molecule branches off into four separate directions.Carbon’s electron configuration allows it to bond frequently with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. If the carbon atom forms only a single covalent bond, The electrons form so that its bonds angle towards an imaginary tetrahedron.

The peaks around 3000 cm-1 and 2920 cm-1 show the stretching of carbon-hydrogen bonds in both sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbons respectively. The peak around 1620 cm-1 shows the stretching of carbon-carbon double bonds, and lastly, the peak around 1495 cm-1 signifies the bending of a sp3 carbon-hydrogen bond. The significant peaks are sharp and fit the strength categories that are on the IR chart

Bucky balls are extremely stable structures, they can withstand high temperatures and high pressures. The exposed surface of the structure can interact with other molecules while retaining its spherical geometry. Also, atoms and small molecules can be trapped inside the fullerene without reacting. Carbon 60 can undergo 6 reversible reductions, but oxidation is irreversible. The first reduction needs approximately 1.0 V, making it a fairly effective electron acceptor. It avoids having double bonds in the pentagons, so electron delocalization is poor and results in the molecule not being superaromatic. Superaromaticity is used to describe an extra stable nature of some aromatic macrocycle compounds. These structure contains a number of aromatic rings. Carbon 60 behaves very much like an electron deficient alkene and readily reacts with high electron density species. Fullerenes are sparingly soluble in aromatic solvents such as toluene and carbon disulfide, but they are insoluble in water. Saturated solutions of carbon 60 have a deep purple color which leaves a brown residue when it is evaporated. The relatively narrow energy width of the band of molecular levels responsible for green light absorption are the cause for this color change by single carbon 60

The TG–DSC–MS results show that the gas phases play an important role in the mechanism behind the sol–gel autocombustion process. Different fuel-oxidant ratios will promote the formation of different gas components, which will significantly affect the composition and structure of the final product. To optimize the fuel–oxidant ratio, reagents with different fuel-oxidant ratios (0.8:1, 0.9:1, 1:1, 1.1:1, and 1.2:1) were dissolved in deionized water to obtain the sols. The dried gels were then activated by combustion at a temperature of 300 °C based on the TG–DSC–MS results.

The proteins that are naturally produced by all living organisms including animals, plants and bacteria and which function as highly selective biochemical catalysts in the conversion of a molecule into another are known as enzymes. Enzymes are highly essential to our lives as they are responsible for speeding up metabolic reactions to a great extent but do not go under any change themselves.

Automobile pollution is a huge issue in the US today. Most people say that diesel engines have the most impact on global warming, air pollution, etc. The truth is, gasoline engines are just as pollutant.

Graphene is a form of carbon which has recently been receiving a great deal of attention. Some have come to call it “the wonder material” due to its many extraordinary properties. Although isolated in 2004, graphene's properties had been calculated decades earlier. It consists of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. A single sheet of graphene is stronger than steel and yet remains very flexible, retaining all of its properties despite being bent and unbent multiple times. It is able to sustain extremely high electric current densities, is impermeable to all gasses, has a thermal conductivity double that of diamond and a very high electron mobility at room temperature. It is also easily chemically functionalized,

The purpose of this study is to produce succinic acid from glycerol residue through anaerobic fermentation process. The study of reaction parameters (pH, temperature and mass substrate) was performed by using expert design software in glycerol recovery process. One factor at one time (OFAT) method was performed as preliminary studies for selection of parameters range and subsequently determine its optimum condition using response surface methodology (RSM). The concentration of glycerol and succinic acid were determined using HPLC analysis. The FTIR spectrometry was applied to examine the adsorption of organic element. Statistical optimization (Respond Surface design Methodology) showed that optimal conditions were at pH, 2, temperature 35 0C and substrate 110.36 gram. At this optimum, 159.312 g/L was recovery of glycerol was obtained. Succinic acid was produced via fermentation process by using Escherichia coli type k-12 under 19.67 g/L initial glycerol concentration, 200 rpm rotation speed and at temperature 37 0C. The work resulted 0.66983 g/L succinic acid been produced. The study also investigated succinic acid production from commercial glycerol and its resulted about 0.73337 g/L. Overall, this research showed that the glycerol waste can be used as a carbon sources to produce succinic acid via fermentation process by using Escherichia coli type k-12. From the fermentation process, the succinic acid production does not exist as a major product. From this situation, the

However, carbons react with aluminium to generate a brittle and water soluble compound (Al4C3) on the surface of the fibres. The carbon fibres are coated with nickel or titanium boride to prevent this reaction.