Charlene Forest's Research

A more recent evolutionist of the theory is Lynn Margulis, who is famous through her research career that mainly focused on this concept. It was Biologist Lynn Margulis from Boston University who in 1967 began to tell an older view. She suggested that certain prokaryotes had been overtaken by larger more active species. Instead of being digested inside the host cell some victims continued to thrive and grow. The theory of Endosymbiosis describes the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membranes. This concept explains the idea that chloroplasts and mitochondria are the results of years of evolution started by endocytosis of bacteria and blue green algae. Based on this theory, blue green algae and bacteria are not

She first wanted to be an internist, but it changed when she became interested in neurosurgery. But that path was where people told her not to do, so she encountered difficulties obtaining the internship. But she refused to give up; she was then accepted as a surgical intern at the Yale-New Have Hospital. She went there after graduating, cum laude, from medical school in 1975.

Marie Daly is a famous biochemist who had to overcome dual hurdles of racial and gender bias to peruse her lifelong love of chemistry. Marie had to undergo judgment from her being a woman and trying to become a scientist, which was a male dominated occupation and also had to endure racism because she was an African American. Marie made many scientific discoveries that we are lucky to have today.

Caenorhabditis elegans, a type of free-living nematode that is found in soil, is the subject matter for this experiment (Marsh). C. elegans allow for an exceptional model organism because it is easily raised in the laboratory setting, it reproduces rapidly, has a short life cycle of 3 days where it develops from egg to adult worm, only 1.3mm in length, and although only having 959 somatic cells, it shares many characteristics with other multicellular organisms like having organs and a nervous system (Kaletta). These nematodes can either be a self-fertilizing hermaphrodite where each animal produces both sperm and egg, or they can be males that will mate with the hermaphrodites (Brenner). When a hermaphrodite self-fertilizes, the chance of having a male being produced is extremely low at just 0.1%, however, when a hermaphrodite is fertilized by a male, the ratio of males to hermaphrodites is generally equal making it 1:1 (Altun).

After her graduation in that same year, she was employed at the same university she used to go to. She worked as an assistant professor on teaching zoology. In 1926, Roger Arliner Young received a Master of Science in Zoology from University of Chicago, where she was designated to go to the honor society for biosciences called the Sigma Xi. In 1927 through 1936 she used her summers to do research in a biological laboratory in Massachusetts. It was the top laboratory of the US. It was an accomplishment because she was the first black woman to ever conduct and give research in her field of work. Another accomplishment she has completed is, in 1940, she was the first black woman to receive a doctoral degree in zoology, Ph.D. from University of Pennsylvania. Soon hardships became to overwhelm her. She had many problems such as lots of work and not enough money. In 1935, Dr. Young was not able to teach anymore at the Howard University. Fortunately for Roger, in 1940, she was able to complete her doctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1940 to around the 1950’s, Roger taught at the North Carolina College for Negroes and at Shaw University, North Carolina. She also taught at colleges for blacks in Texas, Louisiana, and

Marie Maynard Daly was an american biochemist. She was the first black american in america to have ph.D in chemistry. She use to go to Columbia University in 1947. She was born in 1921 and died in 2003.Daly worked as a physical science instructor at Howard University from 1947 to 1948 while simultaneously conducting research under the direction of Herman Branson. After being awarded an American Cancer Society grant to support her postdoctoral research, she joined Dr. A. E. Mirsky at the Rockefeller Institute, where they studied the cell nucleus. While at the Rockefeller Institute, Daly studied the nuclei of tissues to determine the base compositions of the deoxypentose nucleic acids present. Additionally she explored the role of cytoplasmic

Gordon S. Wood was born in Concord, Massachusetts on November 27, 1933. In 1955 he graduated from Tufts University and then went on to serve in the U.S. Air Force in Japan. On April 30, 1956 Mr. Wood would marry the former Louise Goss they would have three children Christopher, Elizabeth, and Amy. After serving in the U.S. Air Force in Japan, during which time he earned an A.M. at Harvard University, he entered the Ph.D. program in history at Harvard, where he studied under Bernard Bailyn. He would receive his Ph. D. in 1964. He taught at Harvard, the College of William and Mary, the University of Michigan, Brown, and Cambridge University.

Judson contributes to onefs understanding of sex among different organisms in that she makes difficult concepts simple to comprehend. Although she uses scientific terminology, she limits it so that anyone can understand the technical information she shares. Judson also describes the types of environments in which each species and

Dr. Cater G. Woodson, a son of a slave, was born in New Canton, Virginia on December 19, 1875 (Bellis, n.d.). Although he did not enter high school until the age of 20, he continued to study at Berea College, the University of Chicago, the Sorbonne, and Harvard University, where he earned a PhD in 1912 (Bellis, n.d.). During this time,

Nelson grew up in the U.K., and attended the University of Manchester. After receiving her Bachelor of Science in Mathematics from there, she got married and worked for a few years. Then, she moved to Germany for her husband’s postdoctoral fellowship and decided to complete her Doctor of Philosophy in Biomathematics from the University of Heidelberg’s Department of

Performing reproductive research at Yale’s Dr. Jean-Ju Chung’s lab is my prominent after school commitment. At the Chung Lab, I investigate cellular signaling via ion channels, with a focus on mature spermatozoan motility. At the Lab, I study CatSper, a calcium channel of spermatozoa by learning new methods of experimentation and applying immunocytochemistry to label specific proteins.

I looked up each molecular biologist and used Wikipedia to get a brief overview of each individual. Dr. Lydia Villa-Komaroff came my eye because she was part of a team that discovered how bacterial cells can be used to make insulin and I wanted to know more on how the bacteria was able to do this. Villa-Komaroff attended University of Washington in Seattle, majoring in chemistry (United Neighborhood Houses). She was struggling in chemistry and went to her adviser for assistance. Her adviser told her that women don’t belong in chemistry (Makers). So she switched to her major in biology, earned a Bachelor of Science in Biology at Goucher College and a Ph.D in cell biology at MIT (United Neighborhood Houses, Makers). Her focus was on the methods

The zebrafish, Danio rerio, has, in recent decades, become an indispensable model organism for study concerning both genetics and gonadal development. Its utility was first revealed through the research of Dr. George Streisinger who began using the fish in the late 1960’s to look into the mutational genetics of vertebrates. Zebrafish proved to be extremely useful from a logistical standpoint for several reasons including their year-round breeding capabilities, highly fecund females, and the relative economy of their upkeep in a lab environment (Grunwald and Eisen, 2002). The nature of their reproduction and embryonic development was also shown to be advantageous as the former relies on external fertilization, allowing researchers to have more control over the process, and the latter occurs within a transparent chorion, making documentation of growth

In 1958, he graduated from Amherst College (Massachusetts) with Honours in biology, followed by a Ph.D. in Zoology in 1961 from the University of Chicago.

sperm as a superior and the egg as an expelling organ part. Moreover, the features of the egg and