Charles Bonnet Syndrome

Hallucination: This is a perception of a sensory experience without external stimuli. It may be visual, auditory,

Color is determined by the lengths of waves of light. Although there is no sure way to fully tell how we actually perceive color, there are two theories that seek to explain so. One is the trichromatic and the other opponent-process. Whereas one theory lacks in explaining a key problem the other succeeds, which is the case of the trichromatic theory and afterimages. Although the trichromatic theory does not explain the phenomenon of afterimages, of the two theories, the trichromatic one best explains how we see color.

. . People say the effect is only on the mind. It is no such thing. The effect is on the body, too . . . Variety of form and brilliancy of color in the objects presented to patients are actual means of recovery.”

The symptons include facial disformities including downward slanting eyes, smaller lower jaw (also referred to as micrognathia),underdevloped zygoma, drooping

The first known case of Exploding Head Syndrome was described by Silas Weir Mitchell, an American doctor. He published a paper called “On Some of the Disorders of Sleep” in the Virginia Medical Monthly in 1876. He describes a patient identified as “Mr. V” and his experiences of noises that sounded like a gun being triggered, a bell being sounded, and a guitar being broken with a twang-like noise. A Welsh psychiatrist named Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones described many of his patients experiencing nightmares that they described as a “snapping of the brain” in 1920. A neurologist named John M.S Pearce published an article in the 1988 journal of Lancet called “Exploding Head Syndrome”. In the article he explains the symptoms of 10 patients who all

Rosenhan's study was done in two parts. The first part involved the use of healthy associates who briefly simulated auditory hallucinations in an attempt to gain admission to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in five different states in various locations in the United States. All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. After admission, the pseudopatients acted normally and told staff that they felt fine and had not experienced any more hallucinations. All were forced to admit to having a

Goldenhar Syndrome also known as oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia is a craniofacial syndrome which causes abnormalities in the formation of the face and head. It was first documented in 1952 by Maurice Goldenhar, which is how it earned its name. It is a rare congenital disease that is apparent at birth. “Goldenhar Syndrome happens in one in every 3,000 to 5,000 births” (The Childrens Hospital of Philidelphia, 2016). This syndrome usually only affects one side of the face, but 10% of cases effects both sides.

In conclusion, Cotards syndrome is a very rare delusionary syndrome. Most cases involve an underlying diseases, syndromes or brain damage in the frontal or temporal regions. Since Cortard’s is not classified into any of the classification systems, other disorders such as bipolar or psychotic depression are often treated to help alleviated the Cotards. (Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, & Audenaert, 2009) Studies have shown the chances of developing Cotard’s delusion appears to increase with age and usually is accompanied with an underlying condition. (Debruyne, Portzky, Van den Eynde, & Audenaert,

Multiple regression analysis was run to predict hallucination history from metacognition variables; perception and memory. The model statistically significantly predicted hallucination history, F(2, 177) = 11.88, p < .000, adj. R2 = 10.8%. All variables added statistically significantly to the prediction, p < .05

Chilaiditi sign was described in 1910 by a Greek Radiologist Dr. Chilaiditi. He described the findings observed in chest radiographs where part of a colon loop, usually the transverse colon, interposed between the diaphragm and the liver. The incidence worldwide is less than 0.3% with a men predominance 4 times more than women (1). Frequently it is an incidental finding but sometimes it may be associated with mild gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain or bowel distention but also severe cases with a bowel obstruction (2) then it is called Chilaiditi syndrome.

Symptoms of AIWS was first published by Dr. John Todd, a British psychiatrist, in 1955 when many of his patients with severe migraines showed similarities in distorted reality perception (Cau, 1999). Todd classified and documented these commonalities between his patients as a single group of symptoms closely associated with some individuals who experience severe migraines and epilepsy (Todd, 1955). With this in mind, the most prevalent and notable symptoms documented in his paper were instances of body distortion where his patients felt as if their entire bodies grew or shrunk multiples times their normal body size. Some reported feeling as if they bodies were expanding or contracting within a confined space, or that their bodies were being

Korsakov's syndrome is a devastating impairment of recent memory that is caused by a thiamine deficiency which can result from alcohol abuse, mal-absorption, hyperemesis or starvation. Furthermore, other causes of Korsakov's syndrome also include heavy metal poisoning, head injury and tumors. A patient suffering from Korsakov's syndrome will most likely have an extensive pathology in the bilateral hippocampus and will actively exhibit confabulation. Confabulation occurs when a patient creates pseudo-memories about what happened during a forgotten episode. Also, during confabulation the patient's recall of the events of the past seem more imaginative than logical. Fortunately, although the patient may exemplify confabulation there

Considering that it may be commonly misdiagnosed as another condition or disorder of brain dysfunction, the available literature may be a sufficient introduction to AIWS, but it is definitely not a satisfactory one. The number of case studies regarding individuals with AIWS and meta-analysis of the neurological condition is small because prevalence rates are low in the general population. Although individual case studies and case studies of a small number of individuals have provided some insight on the condition, it also limits the generalizability. Especially after reviewing Blom’s (2016) meta-analysis of a majority of the relevant case studies dated back to 1955, the 169 case studies have only scratched the surface to understand AIWS. As of late, the predominant concern of AIWS is in regards to its etiology due to its cryptogenic nature. It is unclear whether infection, migraines or another origin of symptoms is the preeminent cause, so further research on other perceptual disorders is needed to gain more insight into the individual symptoms of AIWS, such as micropsia and macropsia, if they share similar perceptual distortions. This will help facilitate treatment in addition to the association conditions of AIWS if it does happen to be malignant in nature. Even now, understandings as to why and how the brain functions in regards to optical illusions is lacking. Considering that optical illusions are easily accessible and tend to change perceptions of objective reality in a majority of the general population, relevant research may facilitate the understanding of perceptual processes related to AIWS and help us understand why symptoms occur in the very near

Krish Sathian, head of neurology at Penn State said in the article “These individuals are very unusual in that you have this stimulus

In their research paper Crawford et al (2012) argue that clinicians often rely on colour choice within drawings to make inferences about the psychological functioning, without much empirical evidence to support such associations. They therefore aimed to investigate the relation of colour preferences and colour use in clinical and non-clinical contexts, to test the validity of interpretations made by clinicians.