Chechnya Country Assessment : Chechnya

Each dictator wanted to create “perfect” nations. The leader of Chechnya, Mr. Kadyrov, threatens those who disobey the authorities. According to an article in the New York Times, they were

During the 1450-1750 time period, the Russian Empire expanded vastly to become both a European and Asian power. The military brought both the steppes and Siberia under Russian control, and forced them to take an Oath of Allegiance to the tsar (the monarch of Russia). If the conquered peoples did not convert to Christianity, they would have to pay yasak to the tsar; specifically, in Siberia, the people would have to pay in the form of furs. Through yasaks and also its geography, Russia gained furs, mineral deposits, and rich agricultural lands. Russia also rapidly westernized during Peter the Great and Catherine the Great’s rule. Russia acquired territories in the Baltic region, Poland, and Ukraine; at the same time, Peter the Great created

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was split into two parts: the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic. The latter proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which sought independence. Following the First Chechen War with Russia, Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. Russian federal control was restored during the Second Chechen War. Since then there has been a systematic reconstruction and rebuilding process, though sporadic fighting continues in the mountains and southern regions of the

1) The Chechens have been a thorn in the side of Russia for centuries, with constant upsurges of independence and oppression. Never the less, Chechnya was a useful thorn, located on the north slope of the Caucasus Mountains within 100 kilometres of the Caspian Sea, Chechnya is strategically vital to Russia for two reasons. First, access routes to both the Black Sea and Caspian Sea go through Chechnya, as well as oil and vital gas pipelines connecting Russia with Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan.

Chechnya is an autonomous republic, partly owned by Russian Federation; it has a variety of ethnicity, Chechnya has always been seeking for national identities and the recognition in the international arena. It is located in Northern Caucasia and South Russia, between Caspian and Black seas.

The Russo-Chechen conflict, which lasted from 1991 to 2009, is one of the most traumatising events across the post-Soviet space. The conflict “had already begun before the collapse of the Soviet Union” (Rezvani 871) and “led to large-scale violent warfare in 1994 and, after a truce, again in 1999” (Rezvani 871). Unlike political or social aspects of the conflict (Politkovskaya, Gall and de Waal), fictional literature about it remains widely understudied. Meanwhile, due to authoritarian regimes both in Russia and Chechnya (International Crisis Group), which exercise censorship and violate human rights, studies of literature can give insights not only into the literary landscape of the post-conflict Russia and Chechnya, but also into the socio-political

Vladimir Putin used nationalism and loyalties to gain popularity. Then once he made a name for himself and was seen as a person to pay attention to in Russia, he slowly started to gain support through the use of charm. One Of the driving forces that brought Putin to power was the act of making himself popular after the Russian apartment bombings in September 1999, he made the scared and worried citizens see him as someone to trust and as someone who was there to protect them. In the instance that the apartment bombings were a systematic attack against the Russian citizens planned by Putin and the Russian government as a way to gain political popularity this would fit the definition of Crimes Against Humanity (The widespread or systematic attacks

Azerbaijan is a small republic in the South Caucasus, bordered by Georgia and Armenia to the West, and, notably, Russia and Iran to the north and south respectively. Formerly a member state of the USSR, Azerbaijan formally declared its independence in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Soon after declaring independence, Azerbaijan largely turned to the West and for military and economic support of the newly formed republic. Although the government of Azerbaijan maintains decent relations with Iran and Russia, including embassies in Tehran and Moscow, Azerbaijan had high aspirations for the post-Soviet country that required more than

Since 1989, President Nazarbayev has ruled Kazakhstan when it was still part of the Soviet Union. In 1999 Nazarbayev sworn into office for another seven years, although his political rivals thought he cheated because he won on a technicality. Despite his authoritarianism, he is a very popular leader. Kazakhstan has the potential for becoming one of central Asia's richest countries because of its huge mineral and oil resources and its liberalized economy. In 2000, they discovered oil in Kazakhstan's portion of the Caspian Sea. The largest oil find in 30 years. In March 2001, the government Kazakhstan opened a pipeline to transport oil from the Tengiz fields to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk. The government also made a deal with China that would allow them to open their own pipeline. Kazakhstan, the largest of the former Soviet republics, excluding Russia, owns enormous amounts fossil fuel reserves. The country also has minerals and metals, such as uranium, copper, and zinc. The agricultural sector of Kazakhstan contains vast amounts livestock and grain. Kazakhstan in 2002 became the first country of the former Soviet Union received an investment-grade credit rating. The Mineral and Oil industries have been and always will be the greatest contributed of Kazakhstan's economic growth. They are also taking every opportunity to gain other means of economic

Then the new prime minister Aksyenov out fear reassigned himself a bunch of security forces and asked for help from President Putin. Russian President Putin on March 1,

This paper reviews the factors affecting Azerbaijan’s economic growth over the years; particularly addressing how the transition process has been negatively affected by ineffective reform implementation. I will attempt to show the roles of aid dependency and corruption in preventing the country’s full transition from planned to a market economy. This paper will highlight economic development in Azerbaijan; particularly factors contributing to the current state of development in the country.

The International Monetary Fund or IMF’s primary mission is “to ensure the stability of the international monetary system” (www.imf.org). With 189 members within the IMF, countries worldwide strive to ensure financial stability and monetary cooperation is maintained. Recently, due to civil war, political unrest, and government corruption, Ukraine has struggled to maintain economic stability. As result, the IMF has provided much needed assistance to Ukraine to help the country regain stability. By understanding Ukraine’s political instability, analyzing the IMF’s recommended policies for stabilization, and identifying key actions needed to prevent future currency crisis, Ukraine’s economic tailspin can be diverted with the IMF’s

I. What is the first thought that comes to your mind when you hear a word Kazakhstan?

Relatives, friends and neighbors neighbors attend parties for birth of a child. The names of the children will sometimes be according to saint days on their calendar

The land where apples and garlic originated is abundant in wildlife - red bears, snow leopards and antelopes all call this home. It is the world's largest landlocked country, a wealthy oil-state, safe and tourist friendly, with the highest ice skating rink on the planet. Its shiny, ultra-modern capital city brims with futuristic buildings. Welcome to Kazakhstan!