Chemical Structure Of Chitin And Cellulose

4. There are other types of reagents used to determine what type of biomolecule a substance is. For example, copper ions present in Benedict’s reagent reacts with the free end of any reducing sugars, such as glucose, when heated. Originally blue in color, these copper ions are reduced by the sugar, and produce an orange-red colored precipitate. Alternatively, iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) may also be used when working with starch. IKI contains special tri-iodine ions which interact with the coiled structure of a starch

In order to examine the variation in sensitivity of lysozyme, gelatin, and BSA, the absorbance reading was obtained using the Bradford and BCA assay

A cell, the building block of all living organisms, is composed of four fundamental biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, sugars and lipids. Proteins provide a vast amount of functions cells such as they serve as enzymes, provide structural support to cells, and act as antibodies. Reagents are used to spark a chemical reaction. The reagent used to detect protein traces in a substance is Biuret’s. Biuret’s will turn purple if proteins are present and blue if they are none. Biuret’s copper particles, have a charge of +2, are diminished to a charge of +1 when peptide bonds, which are in proteins, are present, creating the color change. Polysaccharides, which are carbohydrates, are most notably known to provide energy to the body, but they also help in breaking down fatty acids. Iodine is the reagent used to determine whether a substance has starch in it. The iodine/starch complex has energy levels that are only for retaining unmistakable light, giving the complex its extraordinarily dark black-blue shade. If there is no starch found, iodine will remain its natural yellowish-brownish color, but if starch is present, iodine will turn blue-black. Monosaccharides, which are sugars, like polysaccharides, provide the body with energy. To detect monosaccharides, the reagent, Benedict’s, is used. Benedict’s reagent is added to a test tube, then it is placed in

The product ratio of N-ethylsaccharin to O-ethylsaccharin that occurred due to alkylation with iodoethane at 80 oC was determined to be 81.5% to 18.5%, respectively, based on an analysis of the 1H NMR spectrum that was collected. The melting point range of 87.8-94.7 oC also indicated that the mixture was largely composed of N-ethylsaccharin. The more prevalent product structure is:

The purpose of this experiment is to exemplify how differences in molecular weight allow separation of polymers from their monomers. Methods of dialysis and gel filtration chromatography will be used to separate a glucose monomer from a starch polymer. Colorimetric glucose oxidase assay will be used to monitor the presence of glucose and a colorimetric iodine assay will be used to monitor the presence of starch in prepared solutions after separation

Moreover, CtXynGH30 also displayed activity against the polysaccharides having xylan main chain decorated with arabinose side chains such as arabinoxylans. Therefore a range of substrates showing the enzyme activities were treated with CtXynGH30 and the hydrolysed products were analyzed by TLC. The results showed that the enzyme is active against different polysaccharides and produces a series of oligosaccharides. The enzyme is active on xylan main chain polysaccharide substrates like beechwood-, birchwood- and 4-O-methyl glucurono-xylan and capable of releasing oligosaccharides such as xylose, xylobiose and other higher neutral and acidic oligosaccharides (Lane 1-3, Fig. 5). CtXynGH30 also acted over substrates having xylan main chain decorated with various degrees of arabinose side chains like oat spelt xylan, wheat arabinoxylan and rye arabinoxylan and producing xylobiose, xylotriose and other higher oligosaccharides (Lane 4-6, Fig. 5). Furthermore, the TLC profile of CtXynGH30 showed hydrolysis of arabinogalactan and more likely the release of arabino- oligosaccharides (Lane 7, Fig. 5), whereas, arabinan (sugar beet) and xyloglucan did not release any hydrolysed product (Lane 8-9, Fig. 5). The ability of CtXynGH30 to hydrolyse arabinoxylans apart from glucuronoxylans

, on the other hand, polymer concentration had negative correlation with sonolysis. Sweet potato pectin posseed good antioxidant activity which was enhanced by sonication process. Moreover, this research showed the potential application of ultrasonic in pectin depolymerization, which could also be applied in other polymers. Further study should be carried out to elucidate the degraded pectin materials composition and structure, its potential applications in plant protection, antimicrobial, anticancer, prebiotic

My answer is (d) (8:06:24 PM) 4. Cellulose is made of multiple long polysaccharide chains that line up side by side in parallel. What keeps the cellulose molecules stuck together?

Monosaccharides, also known as simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates and can either function alone or become a monomer for disaccharides or polysaccharides. Its function is to fuel molecules in a living cell as well as be used as raw materials for the synthesis of amino and fatty acids. It is formed of a singular sugar formula of CH2O. Disaccharides are used as an energy source for organisms and made up of two

(2) University of Southern Mississippi, 2003, A Closer Look at Cellulose, Cellulose, 8th of February 2017, http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/cell.htm

Biomolecules are essential to the cell processes of human life. These molecules are broken down into three major components: Saccharides, Lipids, and Peptides, each carrying specific functions for the processes of the body. Saccharides, our focal point in this lab, enhance the synthesis of other biomolecules by supplying them with carbon, form structure in cells and tissues, provide fuel for metabolism, and are responsible for the storage of glucose. Saccharides are further broken down into three biomolecules: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that can be classified as Aldehyde or Ketone. These Monosaccharides can be easily identified with the reaction between the Benedict’s Reagent with

Cellulose is built from glucose molecules bonded covalently together through a process known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Each alternating glucose ring of the cellulose molecule is flipped over and the water molecule (H2O) has been split out leaving an oxygen molecule between each ring. This chain or ribbon (the cellulose molecule) will continue for 3,000 to 5,000 glucose units.

3.4.1 Estimation of Immunoglobulins: Chitinase and mutant proteins (RC1, RC2, RC3, RC123) specific antibody (IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a) levels were measured in the sera of mice by ELISA (Figure 5a, b, c). Mice sensitized and challenged with rice chitinase showed high specific IgE levels. There was significant reduction in the IgE levels, in the sera of mice sensitized and challenged with the hypoallergenic proteins as compared to chitinase (p<0.01). Lowest IgE titer was observed in the sera of mice sensitized with RC123 and displayed a threefold decrease as compared to chitinase sensitized/challenged mice (Figure 5a). Similar pattern was observed for IgG1 levels (p<0.01) (Figure 5b). A twofold decrease was observed for mutant RC123 & RC2 immunized mice, in serum IgG1 levels compared to chitinase sensitized/challenged group (p<0.05). While the IgG2a levels showed an increase in case of all the four hypoallergens, mutant RC123 displayed significant increase compared to chitinase (p<0.05) (Figure 5c).

Many biomolecules besides amino acid are chiral, which contain one or more asymmetric carbon. Recently, the studies of the chiral molecules in the biological assembly system have been a subject to an extensive research. In order to improve the biosensor detection level, several research has been carried out, especially in the electrochemistry based research. In this study, collagen is used with the combination of carbon nanotubes to create a new bio-composite compound. However, this new type of bio-composite compound for certain need to go through some analyzation in order to improve the condition of the new bio-composite produced.

Flucloxacillin is extensively used in the treatment of various infections caused by susceptible organisms. It breaks down easily in the presence of moisture and the breakdown products are responsible for the hypersensitivity reactions in susceptible individuals. This study sought to investigate the effect of starch and plain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on flucloxacillin stability, determine the rate of reaction for the decomposition of flucloxacillin in the presence of starch and plain CMC and finally to determine the amount of starch and plain CMC that retards/slows down the decomposition of flucloxacillin: Fixed amounts of flucloxacillin sodium (250mg) were mixed with varying amounts of dried starch and dried plain carboxymethyl cellulose (plain CMC). The formulations were put in airtight containers and kept at room temperature (25±2°C) for two and half months. Iodimetry was used to monitor the amounts of flucloxacillin in the formulations over the stated period. The formulations with the dried plain CMC were more stable than formulations with dried starch. The percentage flucloxacillin breakdown for the dried starch formulations were 28.47, 24.67, 27.32 and 25.20% respectively for 75, 125, 150 and 250 mg of dried starch respectively. The percentage flucloxacillin breakdown for the dried plain CMC formulations were 27.40, 22.63, 23.07 and 20.57% respectively for 75, 125, 150 and 250 mg of the dried plain CMC The breakdown process followed first order kinetics. The rate