Chemical Structure: Phenylephrine

Subpoint- According to Dr. Joseph Marcela, “It also lowers blood pressure, clears blocked arteries, and improves our immune system” (Borreli, Lizette).

It can help a person’s “dope sickness”; the sickness a body can go into during withdrawal from the person’s drug of choice.

For pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age, the recommended dosage is 0.31 mg three times a day (maximum 0.63 mg three

Methoxyflurane or Penthrox is used currently as an inhalational form of analgesia for mild to moderate pain relief for a short time period. It was previously used as an inhalational anaesthetic gas but has since been discontinued. Methoxyflurane is currently being used in the pre-hospital and hospital settings by Australia, New Zealand and more recently the UK. It is commonly called “The green whistle” in New Zealand and Australia. Methoxyflurane was administered through a device called the Abbott Analgizer which allowed patients to self administer the Methoxyflurane and was then transformed into a metered dose inhaler called Penthrox inhaler.

Alpha-blockers or alpha-adrenergic antagonist drugs help to decrease blood pressure and dilate blood vessels, allowing for blood to move more freely.Alpha-blockers accomplish this by either limiting or inhibiting the affects of norepinephrine, a stimulant hormone of the sympathetic nervous system. The term norepinephrine or noradrenaline works to constrict the muscles that line the interior of small veins and arteries in the body (Mayo Clinic, 2014). There are two types of alpha-receptors that are affected by norepinephrine, alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors.Alpha-1 receptors are found throughout the body in: male reproductive organs, eyes, bladder, prostatic capsule, and more importantly blood vessels.Alpha-2 receptors exist in presynaptic nerve terminals. By blocking noradrenaline affects on alpha-1 receptors coronary arteries and veins will remain open, allowing for increased blood flow and in turn lowering blood pressure (Aschenbrenner & Venable, 2012).

Fluticasone propionate is a synthetic triflourinated corticosteroid that possess anti-inflammatory properties (RxList). This corticosteroid targets cells and mediators involved in inflammation, having an anti-inflammatory effect on the airways (RxList). Salmeterol Xinafoate is a long acting- beta agonist (LABA), targets the beta2-adrenoceptors that are present in the smooth muscle of the bronchioles (RxList). By targeting the beta2-adrenoceptors, intracellular adenyl cyclase is stimulated, which will lead to the production of more cyclic AMP. An increased level of cyclic AMP then leads to relaxation of the smooth muscle of bronchioles

pill a day. Using that high of a dosage may cause the patient to become addicted. If the patient

In endothelial denuded preparations there was no production of nitric oxide and subsequently no flow dependent vasodilation occurred. So, without endothelium a response of phenylephrine is not inhibited and therefore it exhibits a higher potency(lower EC50) and efficacy.

Atropine has numerous medical uses such as inhibit cardiac dysrhythmia, such as bradycardia and hypotension resulting from excessive vagal stimulation or use to protect against certain side effect of some medicine by

Acetylcholine is a chemical substance that nerves use to communicate with muscle cells. In order for muscle surrounding the airways to contract a nerve stimulation is needed coming from cholinergic nerves going to the lung. Ipatropium blocks the effect of cholinergic nerves which cause the muscles to relax and airways to dilate. Furthermore, mucus glands in the nose also are controlled by nerves that use acetylcholine to communicate. By blocking acetylcholine, ipratropium helps relieve symptoms by preventing secretion of mucus by mucus glands in the nose. Increasing the patency of the airway and reducing the amount of mucus will result increase airflow, ventilation and perfusion will start to normalize and later on there will be balance in

Hemant et al. [20] reported that combination of preloading & ephedrine is an effective prophylaxis against spinal hypotension and provides hemodynamic stability when compared to the use of ephedrine or preloading alone.

[Q3] The adrenergic receptors that are stimulated to improve consciousness include both alpha and beta receptors. This is due to epinephrine being a vasoactive adrenergic, and the affect on both receptors results in cardiac failure support. The alpha-1 receptor acts on the nerve

Prazosin is a competitive alpha-1-adrenoreceptor antagonist that causes the reversible selective inhibition of post-synaptic α-1 adrenoreceptors in the arterioles and the veins. As a result, the arterioles and veins vasodilate and this leads to a drop in total peripheral vascular resistance. Eventually, this causes a decrease in blood pressure.

For patients with CLL, bendamustine hydrochloride is administered as a 30 minute IV infusion on days 1 and 2 of a 28-day cycle for up to six cycles. The recommended dose for the CLL indication is 100 mg/m2.

Adult dose is generally given as a single dose. In children too, it is usually administered as single dose.