Chemical Substances On Living Organisms

Americans have access to and benefit from one of the most technologically advanced pharmaceutical systems in the world. However, this system is also very strict and tedious. The system this paper will evaluate is the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more specifically, the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Although, having access to this system can be frustrating to those that are in the pharmaceutical development industry or those that have illnesses and need the best drugs available in order to cope with their symptoms.

Medication has also become increasingly complex. There has been a massive increase in the number and variety of medications available. In addition, many medications have different routes of delivery, variable actions (long acting, short

Positive Aspects: Research and understanding of medicine, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and genetic markers can significantly advance.

Pharmacokinetics "is the way a drug is absorbed, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pg. 749 Treas)

Pharmacology made easy was the third required ATI assignment. ATI defined the word pharmacology as the study of drugs and their effect on the human body. A medicine’s therapeutic effect is stated to be it’s good outcome and the side effects are the negative results from it. There are twelve drug categories divided according to the human’s body system. These are neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, pain/inflammation, cardiovascular, hematologic, gastrointestinal, reproductive and urinary, and the immune drug category. Medicines in the same category may share the same therapeutic and side effects. Additionally to the above information, this unit explained that there are trade and generic names of drugs. Trade name is the commercial

The author believes that biomedical research is the way of better understanding medicine and without randomized clinical trials the field of medicine will have insufficient information. He argues that randomized clinical trials are the most scientifically sound and ethically correct means of evaluating new therapies. The belief of a physician being unethical when running randomized clinical trials is rejected by this article because previous trials on patients can have a better outcome on future patients. This article stresses that randomized clinical trials must be carefully designed that has an intended purpose of gathering data to improve the wellbeing of patients. If the patient is to endure a clinical trial he/she must be properly informed of the risks of the trial and the health of the patient should be high priority. Overall this article explains the importance of randomized clinical trials and debunks the idea of randomized clinical trials as being unethical. This article uses a utilitarian point of view and gives reasons why these trials can be in the best interests for both the patient and society.

Toxicology is defined as that branch of science dealing with poisons. According to Hodgson (2010), a “poison can be defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by accident or by design, to a living organism” (p. 3). Toxicology also includes the study

Pharmacodynamics is frequently defined as the education of what a drug does to the body; this encompasses receptor binding, post receptor effects, and chemical exchanges

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard in evidence-based medicine and represent the gold standard of clinical trial design for evaluating the effects of medical interventions. RCTs have indeed paved the way for the introduction of many of the successful treatments available today in

Pharmaceutical sciences combine a broad range of scientific rules that are critical to the discovery and development of new therapies and drugs, and so in that saying, knowing this kind of information can help people around the world greatly in the future.

As mentioned in class, as well as in the required Krishna (2008) article, the drug development and approval process is an extensive and costly endeavor. The goal of experimental medicine is to increase the efficiency of drug development by providing a better understanding of the drug’s mechanism(s) of action, dose response, efficacy, and safety, allowing the process to be accelerated for the most promising and efficacious candidates (Krishna, Herman, & Wagner, 2008).

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be defined as man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biomedical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ or organism. More specifically it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. It’s substances have medicinal properties and are called pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, drug designs and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signals transduction/cellular communication, interactions, toxicology, chemical biology as well as a few more.

Drug research is connected to a range of academic studies such as biology, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and toxicology. Pharmaceutical researchers can design novel therapeutic drugs based on these studies above. The invention of new drug can be divided by function into two stages: drug discovery and drug development. Drug discovery is the process by which a new drug candidate is found and identified. Distinctively, bringing a new drug candidate to the market through clinical trials is called drug development. The first part of this essay provides an overview of drug discovery and pre-clinical research and development

Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology that seeks to understand drugs and how they affect the body. It involves the analysis of how drugs interact with the biological function of the body and how these drugs react with each other, their natures, and their properties. All drugs are considered chemicals and when ingested into the body an affect from the drug takes place. According to Doweiko (1999), “A drug is essentially a foreign chemical that is introduced into the individual’s body to bring about a specific desired response. There are many forms of drugs and how these drugs are administered in the body determines the kind of result that will take place. The Central Nervous System, (CNS) plays a major role in how these

"The compound's investigation, physical and organic properties of medications, medications substances or medications substances of common root and also the search of new drug from normal starting point."