Chemistry : Blood Concentrations Found At Controlled Clinical Studies, Non Fatal, And Fatal Intoxications

MDMA is, the history behind the drug, and the effects that it has on people

     The axon terminals after the neurotransmitters are released are supposed to reabsorb the extra neurotransmitters. The lack of serotonine in the neurons cause a lack of serotonine transporters, the spots on the neurons responsible for reabsorbing serotonine. Ecstasy blocks the re-uptake of serotonine by the synaptic terminal. The serotonine becomes toxic and begins to kill off brain cells (“After the Rave: the Ecstasy Hangover”, (www.faculity.washington.edu/chudler/mdma.html).

As an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles which migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. The channels open and allow chemicals to enter the cell (i.e. sodium). Then positively charged sodium enters the cell and causes the cell to depolarize. The depolarization spreads down the axon and an action potential is generated. The process then starts over at the axon terminals.

National Center for Biotechnology Information, & U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2017). Dextroamphetamine. Retrieved from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/dextroamphetamine#section=Top

Other hiccups in the investigation included Angulo not questioning Winston and either of the teammates and neither did he obtain a sample of Winston’s DNA to try and match it with Kinsman’s toxicology report. There were allegations that the TPD helped FSU Athletics stay up to date about the investigation, by informing them of everything going on before the details of the case even reached the victim. Due to media speculations, TPD turned the case over to state attorney, Willie Meggs. Once the case was in the state attorney’s possession, Tim Jensen (Winston’s lawyer) made Winston’s teammates sign a document agreeing that they both witnessed what appeared to be consensual sex between Kinsman and Winston that night (Kinsman v. Winston, 2012).

MDMA has been found to be useful in treating schizophrenia due to the effects in has when it saturates the 5HT2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex. This causes the MDMA to block D2 receptors in the mesolimbic area, which reduces the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations. This is because the hypoactive release of DA is blocked, and the stimulatory effects on glutamate releases from 5HT2A receptors such as activated mesolimbic dopamine neurons is reduced, preventing

Other drugs, such as amphetamine or cocaine, can cause the nerve cells to release abnormally large amounts of natural neurotransmitters or prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals. This disruption produces

The exponential growth of human population, caused an unprecedented problem for the global ecosystem. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012) The increase in pollution brought upon great fear and concern about what types of contaminants were in the foods and water supply for citizens. In 1977, the Clean Water Act was passed, the act ensured that any release of pollutants at toxic levels into any water source was forbidden. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012) It allowed for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set guidelines and standards for how pollutants were emptied in navigable waters. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012)

“Chronic abuse of amphetamines produces a psychosis that resembles schizophrenia and is characterized by paranoia, picking at the skin, preoccupation with one’s own thoughts, and auditory and visual hallucinations, according to the U.S. –DEA” (“20”). Psychotic symptoms can persist for months and even years after use of these drugs has ceased, states the government report. Un-prescribed users feel euphoric and invincible while taking Adderall, but the next day without the drug, they feel tired, stupid and depressed. Adderall abuse has the potential to lead to a form of schizophrenia (“20”).

Drug abuse can affect a person both physically and mentally. People mostly aware of drugs toxic effects on different vital organs like brain, liver, heart, kidney etc. Usually less attention is given to the drug’s effect on skeletal system. Methamphetamine is familiar for its CNS stimulant effect. Several mechanism of action of its toxicity on CNS has been studied. Its effect on liver, heart, kidney is almost known. But information regarding effect of methamphetamine on the skeletal system is still in dark. To our knowledge, bone quality study of metamphetamine abusers yet uncovered and can be a treasure of scientific investigation.

The use of amphetamines dates back to World War II when Adolf Hitler would dose his soldiers with the drug in order to keep them going all day and night with little need for nourishment or hydration. It is the reason the Nazi’s were able to take over Europe at an unbelievable rate of speed. Hitler himself would get injected with amphetamines up to 5 times a day. It is believed that his mad rants were due to his drug addiction. Japanese soldiers also used amphetamines during the Japanese war. Perhaps the reason for its appeal to soldiers in times of war were the stimulant effects to the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and decrease fatigue. It stimulates the adrenal gland to increase spontaneity, initiative, confidence,

The medical use of amphetamines was common in the 1950/60's when they were used to help cure depression and to help the user lose weight. An amphetamine is a drug that is a stimulant to the central nervous system. Amphetamines are colorless and may be inhaled, injected, or swallowed. Amphetamines are also used non-medically to avoid sleep, improve athletic performance, or to counter the effects of depressant drugs. Amphetamines are addictive. Because of this, when the user discontinues use or reduces the amount that they use, withdrawal symptoms may occur. Some withdrawal symptoms are as follows: severe exhaustion, deep sleep lasting from 24 to 48 hours, psychotic reaction, extreme hunger, deep depression, anxiety reactions, and long but

Oral administration of MDMA results in a massive increase of extra cellular serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, which will

Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and cannabis, are of natural or synthetic origin, which can alter the emotional state, perception, body functioning and behaviour of an individual. Drugs are known to work in the brain by activating certain brain circuits via different mechanisms, and stimulate or inhibit different neurons in the pathway. However, due to the effects of each drug being different, a drug will affect either different pathways and neurons in the brain to that of another, or through a different process, i.e. direct or indirect activity. This essay will discuss the different mechanisms of action that cocaine, ecstasy, heroin and

Blood chemistry or blood test is identifying the different levels of chemical ingredients found in the blood. The analysis of these substances provides clues to a patient’s condition and the functioning of the major body systems such as, blood sugar levels, liver functions, essential nutrients etc. This helps doctors in diagnosing the patient’s conditions much easier and quicker.