Chemistry

- The C-H bonds in this structure are shown at 1444 and 1368cm-1. These two bands indicate the two different types of C-H bends that occur on the molecule. One is that of the alkene and the other is that of the several alkanes on the molecule.

Gasoline are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (Gary et al, J., 2007) additives, and blending agents. The composition of gasoline depends on the refinery processes, the crude oil used, the overall balance of product demand, and the especially the product specifications. The typical composition of gasoline hydrocarbons (% volume) is: 4-8% alkanes; 2-5% alkenes; 25-40% isoalkanes; 3-7% cycloalkanes; l-4% cycloalkenes; and 20-50% total aromatics (0.5-2.5% benzene). Table 1 shows

The burning of gasoline by automobiles releases carbon dioxide and other types of air pollution

A petroleum system is a system that includes a pod of some active source rock with their very nature genetically related to build up and accumulation of oil and gas. Petroleum system includes geological elements, as well as the processes, which are crucial and essential for the existence of oil and gas accumulation. Petroleum is a compound that is made up of high concentrations of biological and thermal hydrocarbon gaseous components that are contained in conventional reservoirs, tight reservoirs, fractured shale, gas hydrates, as well as coal. It also includes high concentrations of condensates, crude oils, and natural bitumen in the reservoirs, and generally in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks. In this view, we may describe a system as an interdependence of elements as well as processes, which form the very functional unit that gives rise to the hydrocarbon accumulations (Mancini, Parcell, Puckett, & Benson, 2003).

have five C-H bonds, one C-C bond, one C-O bond and one O-H bond. To

Another type of refining is called polymerization, which is the opposite of cracking in that it combines the smaller molecules into bigger ones that then could be used as liquid fuels.

Today’s newer vehicles come equipped with a catalytic converter. Designed to reduce emissions, the catalytic converter is an important part of your vehicle. Unfortunately, like anything else mechanical, the catalytic converter can break and fail. Luckily, you can reduce the amount of damage a failing catalytic converter causes by knowing the warning signs.

Pollutants that are given off through the emissions of automobiles are hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and carbon dioxides. Hydrocarbons emitted by automobiles create smog. Smog can create health problems for people. These problems include lung and respiratory problems. Nitrogen oxides form acid rain that hurts plants, wildlife, and the paint on our cars. Carbon monoxide reduces the flow of oxygen in the bloodstream. Carbon dioxide is a "greenhouse gas" and is a primary factor contributing to global warming.

The catalytic converters were considered defective because a fair chunk of them experienced mechanical erosion, this causes the catalyst substrate material to detach from the catalyst shell, causing it to rattle around inside the shell and break into pieces. When these pieces get blow out from the car’s tailpipe, it leaves behind an empty catalyst shell resulting in a gross emitting vehicle. Also, a good number of vehicles were found to have defective on-board diagnostics (OBD) systems that failed to detect the deteriorated or empty catalyst converters.

Agreeing to Ré-poppi et al. (2009), Gasoline is obtained thru specific distillation in a range temperature on towers, about 110 degree Celsius, and as well from blends of naphtha besides others oil compounds. Usually, the hydrocarbon chains length are approximately from C4 to C12 which are classified into a few mainly types: naphthenic, aromatic, olefin and paraffin. The composition can also have metals, sulphur, oxygenates and nitrogen compounds and others. It is important to remember that blends are made to follow both environmental laws and octane number, which is a parameter already discussed. Some hydrocarbons and metal compounds exhausted by the engines are carcinogenic, that is why there are rules to allow they use on fuels in general (Assis et al., 2013)

Oil and Gas refers to the naturally occurring liquid and natural gas specifically made up of long chain hydrocarbons and various organic compounds found beneath the surface of the earth in entrapments called reservoirs; the presence of oil and gas in these reservoirs is the reason humans survive everyday and carry out their daily activities effectively. Different activities are usually carried out to ensure that the oil and gas present in the reservoirs continue to support humans through their day-to-day activities; such activities include exploration, development, production and finally, abandonment and reclamation. This process is what is referred to as “the oil and gas process”. On completion of this process, numerous

The first thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process, was invented by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov, in the Russian empire, Patent No. 12926, November 27, 1891and the first thermal cracking process was developed around 1913. In thermal cracking heavy oils are heated in large drums under pressure to crack them into small molecules which have good anti knocking properties but this process lead high coke formation. Thermal cracking of hydrocarbons follows free radical mechanism. Free radical mechanism has three steps Initiation, propagation, and termination. Cracking happens in the initiation step and the termination step leads to formation of coke. This process of thermal cracking evolved

When large hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller more useful ones it is called decomposition. The first form of decomposition is thermal cracking, which can be broken up into the sub categories of visbreaking, steam cracking, and coking. Visbreaking is a process of thermal cracking which involves heating heavy crude oil residue to break down the hydrocarbons into more useful middle distillates, heating oil, and diesel. A mix of the residue is pumped into a furnace where it is heated to a desirable temperature; this temperature depends on what products are desired. When this temperature is reached bonds in the

     Catalytic Converters are used in cars now to reduce the amount of harmful emissions given off. You can also use cleaner power such as Hydro and Nuclear which would also reduce the amount of harmful

The raw material crude oil contains a mixture of many different types of hydrocarbons. The crude oil distillation process is used to separate all the different types of hydrocarbons in order to have useful petroleum products. (Waddams, 2015) In the refining process the crude oil is heated and their different vaporization temperatures pull out the different products. The petroleum products that result from the refining process are categorized (see Table 1.) as light, medium or heavy distillates.