Chief Joseph: Leader of the Nez Percé

Taking into account the challenges they would have to face, they pleaded to let them stay in their homeland but the response was yet another that resulted in force when General Howard arrested Chief Toohoolhoolzote. The chiefs not wanting to wage war decided to leave their homeland but an event occurred where a few young Nez Perce warriors killed four settlers made matters worse (Edmunds). Consequently, this led to an attack that took place at White Bird Canyon dated June 17, 1877 (West). The repercussions of the conflict prompted a fifteen hundred mile journey for the Nez Perce. According to Evans, during that odyssey some 250 Nez Perce defeated the about 2000 U.S. army soldiers in a series of 18 embarrassing battles and skirmishes. The Nez Perce reaching the Bear Paw Mountains were only thirty to forty miles shy from Canada stopped for rest, thinking that the U.S. army was far behind but general Howard had notified Colonel Miles, who with his six hundred men rushed to intercept them (Calloway). During the battles of the fifteen hundred odyssey most of the chiefs died and in the battle of Big Hole somehow Chief White Bird along with three hundred men escaped and reach Canada while Chief Joseph after five days surrendered. The Nez Perce that surrendered were promised by Colonel Miles to be able to return to their homeland if they surrendered. According to Calloway the promise was a betrayal but arguably according to Edmunds

The dawn of the new American republic saw also the birth of U.S. Indian policy. In observing the bureaucracy of the United States government, one could clearly note the American view of proper dealings with Native peoples. It was the official U.S. policy to deal with the Indian tribes as separate foreign entities, grouping Choctaws, Shawnee, Cherokee and Creek peoples with the Spaniards, English and French. Curiously enough, the Secretary of War, not the Secretary of State, became responsible for Indian affairs. Clearly, the United States saw the Indians as a threat, either real or potential. In addition, the United States saw the Indians as a barrier to new and prosperous lands in the Western territories. An unofficial policy of provocation emerged. Using a multi-pronged assault, Americans would often enter Indian land and commit a crime worthy of retaliation by native peoples. Such an event precipitated Lord Dunmore's War; John Logan, a prominent Indian favored by many white men, was horrified to find his family murdered by white intruders. Vowing revenge, Logan led an attack on white settlements and the event quickly escalated to a full-blown war between the Shawnee and the whites, culminating in an Indian defeat and a subsequent land session. Such

The significance of the source is that it is one of the few documents that give a window upon the thoughts and belief systems of the Native Americans. Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perce, a Plains Indian tribe. Several passages of the speech are heartbreaking, such as when Chief Joseph mourns the fact that he will not be able to live and die in the land where his own father, the former Chief is buried, saying that only a wild beast could not feel sorrow at his plight. The intense connection to the land felt by the Native American tribe is suggested in the wording, as is the fundamental desire not to

Charles de Salaberry: The True Canadian War Hero Charles de Salaberry’s military victories in the War of 1812 deserve to be focused on more thoroughly in the History 30 curriculum. Issac Brock has a greater focus in the History 30 curriculum, and Charles de Salaberry deserves just as much, if not more, focus. Canadian history paints Brock as Canada’s greatest war general in the War of 1812, although most of his success was due to Tecumseh’s involvement. Brock’s accomplishments, such as his successful capture of Fort Detroit, ended up being insignificant in the end because there was no change in territory for Canada or the United States. Salaberry’s victory kept Montreal safe, which would have led to Canada’s defeat.

In a battle outside of Prophet’s town of Tippecanoe River, Prophet foolishly decided to attack American militiamen while they were sleeping. The town was torched in the battle that followed, and years of planning and organization was wasted. After this incident in June 1812, Tecumseh and a small company of Native Americans joined the British at Amherstburg. During the war, American’s called for an invasion of Canada mainly because the support the British gave to American Indians. In the Battle of Thames, Tecumseh died and an American victory is gained.

Losing his brother was heartbreaking for Joseph. He was important to the tribe. Still, the Nez Perce fount to keep their land and live in the valley. Eventually Joseph became tired and sent a note to General Howard which read,

The accusation made by the U.S. stated that the Native Americans were supporting the British during the war which lead to them being stripped of their territories on the western frontier. The Americans ignored the fact that very few tribes had actually supported the British. They punished the entire Indian culture for an alleged statement that was later proven false. In order for the native people to receive certain rights, they were required to give up their relationship with their native groups even though the U.S. had promised to allow rights for the Indian population, either as a group or as individuals. Settlers continued to push forward with overtaking Indian Territory, but the Indians were allowed a small amount of military protection.7 One foolish and deceitful man by the name of William Henry Harrison, who was the Governor of Indiana, upset the truce even more by threatening, bribing, and purposely intoxicating Indians to take advantage of them and conquer their lands and trust. A well-known Indian Chief named Tecumseh, challenged Harrison and organized the Indian Confederation. In 1811 and 1812 Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the battle of Tippecanoe. During the winter of 1938 and 1839, the Cherokee tribe was forced to move west by the U.S. government and approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on the force march that became known as the “Trail of Tears.”8 All of the treaty system began to fail due to the fact of inability of an “individualistic and democratic” society that was unable to recognize the rights of groups and lacked the respect of

On November 11, 1775, Joseph Brant traveled to London to persuade the crown to give the Iroquois land in Quebec if they agreed to help fight with the British. When Brant returned to New York in 1776, he prepared to retake New York. He fought alongside Clinton, Cornwallis, and Percy in the Battle of Long Island. In November of 1776, Brant left New York, and traveled to the colonist held territory. As he went through each colony, he urged each and every Iroquois to fight alongside the British soldiers. (Chief Joseph Brant: Mohawk, Loyalist, and Freemason.)

His death led to a series of events that quickly elevated to a full on war, known today as the Nez Perce War. The settlers made no hesitation to enlist the help of the U.S. Government. When Chief Joseph still refused to give up his and his tribe’s home, the U. S. Army came. This was how and when the War began. The Nez Perce War was 4 months long, full of skirmishes, casualties, and hope of victory for both sides. (Lafarge, Oliver, “American Indians” 12). Some of the major mini battles, were The Battle at Big Hole, The Battle of White Bird Canyon, and The Battle of Bear Paw. The battle of white bird canyon was the very first battle of the whole war. For the Nez Perce, only 3 warriors were injured, out of the 70 that had gone to the battle. Not one on the Nez Perce side was killed in the first war. On the U. S. Army's side, 34 were killed out of the 117 warriors and 13 scouts that entered the battlefield. The battle lasted one day, and the end of this first battle was declared a Nez Perce victory. The battle of Big Hole was much different. This two-day battle ended as a tie between the Indians and the U. S.

Tecumseh joined Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, who tried to motivate all tribes to join together with resources and the ability to preserve their lands against the “white man’s” advances. Tecumseh was responsible for the raid party that attacked white settlers’ who were

Joseph lost his dad in early age so William Johnson who was married to Joseph sister took care of Joseph. In early age Brant saw Britain and French war which was called French and Indian wars which turn into the seven year war from 1756-1763” The war broke out between French and Britain for American colonies. Joseph in Seven Years War and American War of the Independence dedicated himself to protect Indian people sovereignty and lands. Brant military career started at age of thirteen in 1755 under William Johnson as a Mohawk warrior as he went on a battle against the French at lake George and would go on to win for Britain. Joseph winning Seven year war against France helped him earn the title of Mohawk chief. Joseph would go on other battle under William Johnson commissioned as captain of Britain in 1757 to capture Oswego, Miami, Duquesne and Detroit which was built by the French to protect route to Louisiana and prevent the British to enter American Colonies which Joseph received silver medal for his

Chief Joseph, the 38 year old leader of the Nez Perces tribe, had little education yet still traveled to the capital of the United States, Washington DC, to speak to Congress. He spoke on behalf of his people about the treatment of American natives, an issue that directly affected him and his fellow people at the time. Joseph lived in a world where Indians were viewed as uncivilized savages, and were treated as such by most people in the United States. These same people also supported manifest destiny and did almost anything to get ahold of land in the west. Even if it was not intentional, many natives were hurt and relocated by the rapidly spreading United States. By traveling to DC to make his speech, Chief Joseph hoped that he could persuade

In the early years,Chief Joseph was born on March 3,1840. The United States forced the Nez Perce to move to a reservation in 1877, Chief Joseph reluctantly agreed. Chief Joseph's place of birth is in colville reservation, Washington. Chief Joseph's formal Native American name was Thunder Rolling down a mountain. When gold was discovered, Nez Perce territory, began to stream onto people's house.

     Living in Waknuk makes it extremely easy to be controlled by your religion. Joseph was a very religious man towards his family

The defeat of the first United States army by a coalition of Native Americans is the focus in Collin Calloway’s The Victory with No Name. In this historical account, Calloway addresses what occurred on November 4th, 1791, when an Indian army consisting of a variety of Indian tribes, led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket, ambushed the first American army near the Wabash River to protect themselves from American expansion of the Northwest Territory. The American army, led by Revolutionary War veteran Arthur St. Clair, was ill-equipped with men, horses, and weaponry, and ignorant about Indian whereabouts and tactics. Calloway organizes his argument by describing America’s desire for land, the invasion and settlement of Indian land, and the resistance formed by Native Americans. Calloway continues by illustrating the defeat of the American army and the aftermath of the battle between Native Americans and the U.S. By drawing on extensive historical evidence that illustrated the events before, during, and after the battle, Calloway presents a detailed historical narrative that challenges the idea that “winners write the history…even when they lose” and offers a narrative that shows both the Native American and the U.S. perspective, ultimately giving credit to the Indians for their victory. However, Calloway provides information that is irrelevant to his argument and the book, which makes it difficult to follow along throughout the story.