Child Stress Research Paper

This paper reviews several articles that discuss the lasting effects that sexual abuse can have on a child into their adult years. The articles agree that victims of child sexual abuse (CSA) will most likely suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or experience revictimization. This paper will also address the common forms of coping that victims of child sexual abuse take part in. Some research will touch on proper healing techniques for victims of CSA to receive.

In 2011-2012 the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) released staggering survey data on Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) reporting that approximately 35 million U.S. children had experienced at least one or more childhood traumas (Stevens, 2013). If this data is valid, so far none refuted, this would mean that a high percentage of children are at risk for chronic disease and mental illness (Stevens, 2013). A direct link between childhood trauma and the adult onset of chronic disease, mental illness, violence and being a victim of violence was revealed from the center of disease control and prevention (CDC)’s adverse childhood experiences study(ACE) (Stevens, 2013).

I am not a scholar in psychology. I am however the mother, aunt, friend, and widow of five suicide victims, all of which were victims or witnesses of either child abuse or domestic violence as a child. According to (Bragg, H L.), “Children who have been exposed to domestic violence normally fall into one of three categories; the first one is behavior, social, and emotional problems. The second category includes cognitive and attitudinal problems and the last category is long-term problems.” (2003). This research is reinforced by (Children’s Bureau/ACYF/ACF/HHS), which states that”

It is estimated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services that one million children are victims of child abuse and neglect in the U.S every year. This number may be an underrepresentation however, as many cases are unreported. Children who experience trauma in early childhood years or adolescence have impacts that follow them throughout adulthood. The common effects include relationship attachment issues, mental disorders, substance abuse, increased

As many as one in three females have experienced sexual abuse by the age of 18 (Russell, 1986). Many survivors of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experience negative psychological symptoms (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986; Kendall-Tackett, Williams, L. M., & Finkelhor, 1993). These women may later in life engage in relationships. The negative impact of sexual abuse could result in challenges faced by the relationship due to shame and difficulty with trust (Kochka & Carolan, 2002; MacIntosh & Johnson, 2008). CSA may also result in sexual challenges for the couple (Kochka & Carolan, 2002). Research has found that couples therapy can be of significance to the healing of the CSA survivor as well as functioning and growth in the relationship (Kochka &

Child sexual abuse is an ever-present, psychologically and physically damaging event that occurs daily to hundreds of children. Unfortunately, child sexual abuse is not going away any time soon and the lives of so many precious children are altered forever. These abused children often grow up to be psychologically damaged adults with emotional, cognitive and physical issues that may never be able to be conquered. Far too many adults live with the pain of their secret and it can be quite debilitating. Adults who were abused as children may have many problems in their

Victimization comes in many different forms such as assault, child physical/sexual abuse, stalking, theft, rape, sexual harassment, and domestic/relationship violence. There are several negative outcomes that have been linked with childhood abuse and neglect such as neurobiological changes, emotional and psychiatric disorders, interpersonal issues and substance abuse problems (Min, Singer, Minnes, Kim, & Short, 2012). According to Reid and Sullivan (2009), children and adolescents are very vulnerable and are the most highly victimized individuals of the population and the kinds of victimization that they experience can come in many forms (Finkelhor et al., 2009). This victimization is known as poly-victimization (Finkelhor et al., 2009).

removed from the family environment, a primary relative had to relocate or the death or destruction (e.g. fatal accident, domestic violence, natural disaster) of a close individual (Faust & Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)The fourth factor emphasizes that age may be a factor in children’s responses to traumatic events which thus determines the course of therapy (Faust & Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)Very young children struggle with cognitive components of cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies because it exceeds their developmental capabilities (Faust & Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)As previously noted, a child is at a greater risk for the effects of severe sexual abuse in the first years of life (Faust & Katchen, 2004). (Faust et al., 2004)

Many adults seeking mental health services report a history of child abuse, particularly neglect, physical and sexual abuse (Courtois & Bloom, 2000). Studies have found that the percentage of individuals using mental health services reporting child sexual abuse ranges from 12 – 50% (Wurr & Partridge, 1996), and those reporting child physical abuse ranges from 10 – 57% (Brown & Anderson, 1991; Goodman et al., 2001). Researchers have argued recently, however, that these figures may be unrealistically low due to underreporting (Harper, et al., 2008). Borger, Cox, and Asmundson (2005) found that almost 76% of adults reporting child physical abuse and neglect had at least one psychiatric disorder in their lifetime and nearly 50% had three or more psychiatric disorders. Research indicates that adults with histories of childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse frequently present with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric disorders that result in a need for specialized treatment oriented to their trauma experience (Harper et al., 2008).

According to Egger and Arnold, stated in one study of children age 2-5, more than half (52.5 percent) had experienced some severe stressors in their lifetime (Egger & Angold, 2004, as cited in NCTSN, n.d.). Traumatic events have an overwhelming effects on children’s emotional, mental, and physical health. Many children might have feelings of

Childhood emotional abuse (CEA) appears to be more novel in the research world in comparison to physical and sexual abuse. However, with the research that has been conducted, there are clear suggestions that CEA has similar, if not more severe, consequences to childhood physical abuse (CPA) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) (Gibb, Chelminski, & Zimmerman, 2007). For instance, research by Gibb and associates (2007) found that participants who reported experiencing CEA were more likely to also have major depressive disorder and social phobia, than those who reported experiencing CPA or CSA. The research by Gibb et al. suggests that CEA may be more detrimental than CPA or CSA to the psychological development of a child. However, what is missing

Many children witness domestic violence each day. Most times, children witness their mothers being abuse by their fathers, step-fathers, or mother’s boyfriends. According to Couchenour and Chrisman (2011), “Women and children are at greater risk of being victims of abuse than are men” (p. 131). Witnessing violence or being abused at home has serious effects on children. This article explains the short-term and long-term effects that domestic violence has on children.

Childhood emotional maltreatment (CEM) involves abuse and neglect and is typically associated with persistent and extreme denial of a child’s basic emotional needs (Barnett, Manly, & Cicchetti, 1993). CEM is highly prevalent, as demonstrated in both clinical and nonclinical samples, including college students (Egeland, 2009; Scher, Forde, McQuaid, & Stein, 2004; Spinazzola et al., 2014). For instance, CEM is reported by approximately one third of university counseling center clients (Braver, Bumberry, Green, & Rawson, 1992; Wright, Crawford, & Del Castillo, 2009). Research has principally focused on more “objective” forms of childhood maltreatment, such as sexual and physical abuse, leaving CEM—an intrinsic aspect of most if not all forms of childhood maltreatment—being seriously understudied (Egeland, 2009; Hart & Brassard, 1987; Spinazzola et al., 2014; Wright et al., 2009). Accumulating evidence from recent studies, however, points to the serious consequences of CEM (Bernstein, Measelle, Laurent, Musser, & Ablow, 2013; Egeland, 2009; Gibb, Chelminski, & Zimmerman, 2007; Spertus, Yehuda, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003; Spinazzola et al., 2014; Yates, 2007). For instance, several studies have demonstrated a relationship between CEM and victimization (Crawford & Wright, 2007; Gobin & Freyd, 2009; Renner & Slack, 2006) as well as dating violence (Wekerle et al., 2009). Yet, few if any studies have addressed the potential significance of the more subtle, but no less

Throughout the course of one’s lifetime, there are countless events that shape the personality, actions and mentality of that individual. Some of these events will affect the individual in a positive way allowing great life opportunities, while other events will unfortunately affect the individual in a negative way which can lead to disorders. Among the various events that can affect a person, one of the most common occurrences that some children witness early on in their lives that deeply affect their long-term mental health is being a witness to domestic violence. Research and observations that were studied revealed that there are multiple factors that can contribute to a child witnessing domestic violence. The more categories that the

Throughout the course of history, millions of children have been victims of physical abuse; it has been shown that the effects of this abuse can profoundly influence ones mental and physical health in the span of his or hers life.