The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) developed by Eric Schopler, Robert Reichier and Barbara Rochen Renner, is used in diagnosing autism. It enables a trained clinician to use a rating scale to rate indications of the Autism Spectrum Disorder(ASD).
The scale observes 15 items, rating them from 1 to 4, with the range denoting the severity (Childhood Autism Rating Scale - Special Learning Article, n.d.). A higher score shows a higher degree of autism, and a score of 37 to 60 typically highlights severe cases (Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1986). A cumulative score of the 15 parameters defines the level of autism in the subject from non-autistic, to mild, moderate, and severely autistic. Typically, CARS is used only for children aged 2 years
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Administration of the test takes between 5-10 minutes, and given the increasing number of cases that require screening, it is an appropriate tool for practitioners. The validity of the test is further strengthened by the high levels of diagnosis agreement between parent’s interviews, and observation (Kaat & Lecavalier, 2013).
Disadvantages and Limitations
The primary disadvantage with CARS is that there is no provision to design a targeted intervention, or provide concise feedback to the parents (Payakachat, Tilford, Kovacs, & Kuhlthau, 2012). Though it is the only test used for adolescents and adults, CARS has limitations with this population because there has not been extensive research to validate this.
Culture friendliness of CARS
CARS is especially culture friendly. The majority of tests and scales that have been developed come from the western world, and were thus, based on western cultural implications. However, CARS seems to be culture agnostic to a large extent. However, there have to be cultural expectations that should be taken into account. Some cultural practices may translate in to higher scores, but could be false (International Ethics and Special Education, 2008). For instance, making eye contact with elders is impolite in some cultures, which should be taken into account when administering
The first review of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition was authored by KORESSA KUTSICK MALCOLM, School Psychologist, The Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind, Staunton, VA. The second edition of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale was developed for use a wider array of health care professionals as well as to establish general characteristics of children with autism who exhibit higher intellectual ability. They also made slight changes to the format of the rating book. The test comes in three forms; The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition–Standard Version, the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition–High-Functioning Version and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second
Copeland’s article is meant to inform parents of their effects on teen’s driving behaviors. Their actions behind the wheel let their children know what is okay to do and what is not. If parents are aware of this then it would help them try to set a good example. This academic journal is a reliable source that comes from the database Academic Search Elite, provided by school’s online database systems.
The article focuses on the use of a driving simulator with individuals that has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and to address the pre-driving skills of young adults with ASD. As adolescents with ASD transition into adulthood, there are certain events that any typical adolescents want to do such as driving. For individuals that have ASD, driving become difficult. There are some with ASD will not be able to drive, but the ones that possess the cognitive and psychological ability, it still may become challenging.
What is the name of the test? The name of this test is Autism Spectrum Rating Scales (ASRS).
(The Summary of Best Practices for Autism disorders, page 37 of Evidence-Based Practices for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Children’s Mental Health Government Ontario has a good chart with a breakdown of the different tests) A Parental Stress Index (PSI-SF) and Family Crisis Oriented Personal Evaluation (F-Copes) may also be done should it be felt it is necessary. As this is multidisciplinary team the tests will be conducted by the individuals then combine and assessed by the authorized person who will refer to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to make the diagnosis. This breaks down the signs and symptoms of ASD into categories and also states how many of these must be present in each category to confirm a diagnosis. Once a diagnosis of autism has been established, a severity rating is also determined by DSM-5 criteria. A report is then typically written and the parents are apprised of the results. The process may take months, many parents are confused and overwhelmed by the process and the number of people involved can be a source of stress for the family. A single person who co-ordinates the process and acts as a primary contact is helpful, as is receiving written information in
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a growing problem throughout the entire globe. Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as unusual, restricted and repetitive behaviors (Lord). Such behaviors may include running back and forth, excessive cleaning, noises, and clapping. These also vary greatly with age and ability, and the notion of ASD has been introduced to recognize these diversities (Firth). Autism was first discovered in 1943 when Leo Kanner observed 11 children with several common traits such as, impairments in social interaction, anguish for changes, good memory, belated echolalia, over sensitivity to certain stimuli (especially sound), food problems, limitations in spontaneous activity,
Williams, A. A., Cormack, C. L., Chike-Harris, K., Durham, C. O., Fowler, T. O., & Jensen, E. A. (2015). Pediatric developmental screenings:
According to the CDC, autism is “a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges (Facts About Autism, 2016)”. Autism was first discussed in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner, after he observed 11 children who had fixations on the inanimate environment rather than people (Quick Facts About Autism). It affects about one percent of the population, and is
If a child is believed to be on the spectrum, a CARS2 assessment may be issued. The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (Second Edition) helps distinguish children that have autism from those who are developmentally handicapped. It also allows you
Understanding and being able to speak a new language can only bring positive things. In addition to improving your resume, several studies claim that knowing more than one language makes you smarter, because you use parts of your brain that would otherwise be unused. In addition, if you are one of those who travel a lot, knowledge of other languages is vital for you to be able to get the most out of your travels. Having a second language is one of the most demanded requirements in the workplace, so today studying a language is no longer a whim, it is almost a necessity. Most medium or large companies have an international and not only local or national projection, so they need their employees to be able to communicate with people from
The study included 61 preschool children with autism who were randomized to one of two groups; one receiving intervention
One the biggest psychological disorders in our society is childhood autism. Childhood autism is defined as “A pervasive developmental disorder defined by the presence of abnormal and/or impaired development that is manifest before the age of 3 years, and by the characteristic type of abnormal functioning in all three areas of social interaction, communication, and restricted, repetitive behaviour.” (MHresource.org). Furthermore, boys are three to four more times likely to develop childhood autism than girls (MHresources.org). Statistics also show that the prevalence of childhood autism in births is one in fifty-nine and has grown 119.4 percent from 2000 to 2010 (CDC). Now, researchers are looking into what causes childhood autism. They are
Madness lurks in even the most “normal” people. During the whole of a dull, dark, and soundless day in the autumn of the year… (Poe). This is an appropriate setting given Usher’s overly-acute senses; he can’t handle bright lights or sounds, and so the story’s setting is dull and soundless. …. with an utter depression of soul which I can compare to no earthly sensation more properly than to the after-dream of the reveller upon opium--the bitter lapse into everyday life--the hideous dropping off of the veil. (Poe). The Usher estate is made to seem as though it is its own isolated world, different and separate from normal reality. His voice varied rapidly from a tremulous indecision (when the animal spirits seemed utterly in abeyance) to that
Tens of millions of people have been diagnosed with Autism worldwide, effecting both genders, all races, ethnicities and people from all socioeconomic classes. In 2010 a Surveillance Summary was conducted in the United States, where it identified that one in 68 children are diagnosed with Autism (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). It has been recognised
A NOVEL APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE LIFETIME AND THROUGHPUT OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK USING ACTOR NODES.