Childhood Experiences Affect Personality and Behaviour in Adulthood

D1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development at infancy and adolescence.

The most conflicted relationship between authoritarians and respect of parents is most commonly found between

4. According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), the four distinct parenting styles do NOT include which of the following?

However, they may lack self-discipline. Unlike children raised by authoritative parents, children raised by authoritarian parents are not encouraged to explore and act independently, so they never really learn how to set their own limits and personal standards.

In this article, Beth discusses about the long term effects of authoritarian parenting in four different sides. First, she mentioned children of authoritarian parents live in a ambience that is high control and lack of warmth. They get a high obedience, it is based on fear, not the esteem. Second, she founds that some research shows children are more likely to be aggressive toward their peers such as name-calling and bullying although other research shows these children tend to be well-behaved. Third, it is about their relationships and performance in school. These children are less socially competent, less helpful, less popular and less likely to be accepted by their classmates. Fourth, the writer mentioned the benefits of authoritarian parenting. There is a evidence that friends of adolescents

2. Most of the time, a person's childhood can also have a great impact on who a person is in society and emotionally.

Dr. Robert Best’s lecture here at Winthrop was on the topic of genetics. The question at hand was, “Can your parent’s behavioral characteristics be passed down through genetics?” Genetics are essentially the blueprints to each and every one of us. Our characteristics are coded by our genes, however, do genes affect every aspect of us? When looking at the common book, The Glass Castle, it seems apparent that certain traits like intelligence and creativity can be passed through genes, but not necessarily affect behavior and personality.

How a parent raises their child can affect the child later on in life. There are four parenting styles: authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful (uninvolved). Each of these parenting styles can affect a child in some way. Some parenting styles have more negative outcomes than others. Some have both positive and negative outcomes.

Many of our personality traits are developed by the interactions that we have had with others during our informative years. Our behavior is a reflection of our own personality and there is considerable evidence to show that personality can be inherited. Genetics are particular molecular structures of genes, as it is explained through science the effect that these genes have on our behavior and our body’s actions throughout our lives. Both the Endocrine System and Heredity have a large influence on human behavior. They determine our moods, irritability, and even our level of energy, even though the environment still plays a huge role. These personality genes, work by changing the structure of neurotransmitters, or receptors or emitters in the brain, which affects how our brain cells communicate with each other.

• Evaluate the different types of parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood.

Authoritarian parents normally do not interact with their children in positive ways and usually install fear into the child. Punishment is usually harsh and given without explanation. Children with authoritarian parents are often anxiety- ridden. Studies have shown that these children have lower self- esteem, show high aggressiveness and typically do less well in school. Permissive parenting consists of high nurture and acceptance, but these parents lack structure and control. These parents look at their children as “free spirits” who need space to learn and grow. Permissive parents are usually inconsistent with discipline. Children with permissive parents normally are impulsive and irresponsible. These children also lack any self- control since none was expected (Sclafani 47).

C. regard children as active beings who modify their own thinking in response to environmental demands.

There have been and still are many debates about how a person’s genotype can be a significant factor in the development of your personality, but more relating to criminality. It is very hard to say that your genetic make-up is not a factor in who you become as a person, but I fully believe that the environment also is a factor as well. Having a genetic predisposition does not mean that you are automatically going to inherit whatever trait that was passed down from your parents. Everyone has a choice in who they become as individuals; it all just depends on the environment that you are raised in and the people that are around you when you are growing up. There has been a lot of research on this subject and it has concluded that it is more

The primary focal point of the authoritarian style is on respect rather than parent-child relationships. Authoritarian parents are known for being strict. They lay out rules and expect their children to follow them without question, even if the child has a valid reason for questioning a decision. They establish many rules for the household and leave little or no room for negotiation on policies. Authoritarian parents also fail to explain why the rules exist because they believe that, as the parent, they are the authority on all decisions and shouldn’t be questioned.

Some psychological models assert that a proportion of our personality is inborn and permanent (Hollander, 1971), that a psychological core at the center of our personality gives us enduring, inner characteristics. Hans Eysenck (1965) suggests that our motivation and emotion are related to biological differences in brain function and proposed that 75% of our personality is based on genetic influence and 25% on environmental influence. Research by Peter Whybrow (1999) on identical twins separated at birth examined how their different environments shaped their personalities. He found that around 40% of personality should be credited to genetics, with 60% determined by outside factors.