Children 's Innate Desire For Adults Based On Rewards

Albert Bandura’s results of the experiment sustained three of the four original predictions that were made. The first being that the children who were exposed to the aggressive model had the exact behavior they had observed when the adult was no longer in sight. Second, Bandura also foresaw that experimental children in the non-aggressive group would behave much less aggressive than those who were exposed to aggression. The results of the experiment indicated that while children of both genders in the non-aggressive group did exhibit less aggression than the control group, boys who had observed an opposite-sex model behave non-aggressively were more likely than those in the control group to engage in

The fundamentals of the social learning theory significantly describe offenders and their criminal behavior which is learned based on observation and imitation. A researcher by the name of Albert Bandura along with coworkers tested the social learning theory with several experiments on children and their imitation of aggression based on what they saw and were exposed to. Bandura’s focus was to prove that human behavior such as aggression is learned through social imitations and copying the actions of others. Walters (1966) gives details about the Bobo doll experiment and explains its purpose related to learning a violent behavior based on observation. In the experiment, the tested subjects were children of both sexes, ranging from the ages of three to six years. Some of the children were exposed to a non-aggressive adult, while the other children were placed in a room with an aggressive adult who would both physically and verbally attack the Bobo doll. The control group in the experiment was not exposed to any adult. During the second phase of the experiment, the children were left in a room by themselves with the toys, and watched to see if they would demonstrate the aggressive behavior like that of which they observed adults doing earlier. Walter (1966) describes the results as “children who had been exposed to an aggressive model showed more imitative physical and verbal

The room was also equipped with a one-way window so the child could be observed without their acknowledgement. The experiment showed that the consequences in the films that the children observed in the ending, created a different outcome. The children who witnessed the film were the adult was rewarded was most likely to repeat or imitate the aggressive behavior toward the Bobo doll. In the situation of the other children who watched the adult being punished for their aggressive behavior, the children were less likely to recreate the aggressive behavior towards the Bobo doll. After the findings Bandura added to the experiment. The children who watched any of the three films were asked to recreate what the adult did in the film. Each imitation the child recreated correctly, they were rewarded with candy and stickers. Virtually all the children were capable of recreating all actions, aggressive or non-aggressive. The different variations of the films the children watched had no impact on them. In conclusion to Bandura’s experiment, you are capable of imitating any behavior, aggressive or non-aggressive, but you are more likely to imitate if there is expectation of any type of reward.

According to Berkowitz (1993) aggression refers to goal-directed motor behavior that has a deliberate intent to harm or

Children need guidance and personal example from the adults around them to help them learn what is acceptable and what behaviour isn’t acceptable. Behaviour is greatly influenced by primary socialisation and children will react and take in how close family members act. Bandura developed the modelling idea where children would copy the adults around them. “There is much evidence that a child who witnesses or experiences violence at home may develop aggressive tendencies.” There are a number of different types of behaviour these include assertive, aggressive, submissive and manipulative behaviour.

The first stage of the experiment is called modeling. In this stage the children were individually shown into a room where they would sit in one corner and pay with potato prints and pictures and the adult sat in the other corner with a mallet and the Bobo doll. In the first group, 24 children would watch a male or female adult abuse the doll both physically (kicked, punched, threw, and hit with different objects) and verbally (made aggressive and non-aggressive statements). In the second group, 24 children were exposed to adult who played quietly in the corner with the toys but avoiding the Bobo doll. The third group, 24 children were not exposed to neither an aggressive or non-aggressive adult. After 10 minutes went by, the adult in both groups left the

Toys are said to have many hidden properties that affect a child. For example, weapon, such as guns and knives, are said to encourage violence. Since kids tend to mimic what they see, hostile toys make for a hostile child. To them, through their toys, showing excessive aggression toward a situation is allowed,

When we try to define aggression, we can have different meanings for it and describe types of behavior in a person considered aggressive. I like Arnold Bus’s definition for aggression: any act that delivers pain or discomfort to another living organism has to be considered aggressive.

Humans usually engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. It may range from verbal abuse to physical abuse. It can also involve harming personal property. Aggressive behavior also affects communities and societies, leading to losses in business sectors, and to personal health costs. Aggression also can increase the burden on the healthcare and justice systems (Corso et al., 2007). One important distinction that is often made in the literature is between proactive and reactive aggression (Roth & Struber, 2009). While Proactive aggression can be characterized as planned and goal-directed, reactive aggression can be characterized as aggression committed in anger as retaliation for a perceived negative experience

Reinforcement refers to the contingent response from parents towards children's aggression. Children who are rewarded for aggression tend to continue such aggressive behavior. On the other hand, children who are punished for aggression tend to stop such aggressive behavior. A study if the development and socialization of aggression done by Keenan (2002), revealed a gender differences on aggression. He demonstrated that rates of aggression were higher in boys than in girls at the end of the preschool period. Besides, Ross et al. (1990), reported that mothers of boys were likely to support (reward) their sons when the children were in the peer conflicts. However, mothers of girls were not likely to support (punishment) their daughters. Hence, the studies indicate that children are at greater risk of developing aggressive behavior when parents do not reinforce in an appropriate ways.

Although research that investigate aggressive behaviour or antisocial behaviour in early childhood increased, studies that concentrate on young children’s antisocial behaviour are still limited, especially for children before two years of age (Lorber, Del Vecchio, & Slep, 2018). Research of infants’ physical aggression has not developed significantly as researchers may consider their limbs as ‘weakness’ and they do not have ‘intention’ in their physical aggression (Tremblay, 2000). However, some authors argued that infants had learned that the use of force could be a useful method in retaking for possession of toys they had put down or stored in the mother’s lap (Hay, Hurst, Waters, & Chadwick, 2011). The result of their study suggested that whether infants’ motives go beyond the eagerness to retake their items was not quite clear (Hay et al., 2011). It is believed that infants age between one and two are intentionally forceful, whereas necessarily hostile, in their conflicts with other children (Hay et al.,

Physical assault and aggression is the second leading cause of death among 14 to 17 year olds, next to vehicular accidents (Loeber). But why are humans so aggressive in the first place? There are two sides of the debate: Nature, and Nurture. Some say that it’s human nature, genetics that cause most behaviors, while others say that we act as we learned during childhood. This argument applies to aggression as well. Aggression is mainly caused by things during childhood and adolescence where people learn from various sources about aggression, although, human psychology plays a slight factor.

As Humans, we use the word aggression in our day to day conversation to characterize our behavior and perhaps behaviors of others. We conclude that people are aggressive if they scream at or hit another individual, however, other harmful acts such as the killing of enemy soldiers during the war might be regarded as an aggressive act by everyone. Social psychologists have spent lots of time trying to determine what should be considered aggression and reasons why individuals exhibit aggressive behaviors towards other. Hence, for many decades social psychologists have carried out various psychological research on aggression and new evidence has emerged on the problems that researchers are exploring the fundamental construct of aggression for a long time continue to experience, raising new questions and posing new perspectives about aggressive behaviors.

The presentation of the Frequency of Aggressive Responses by Children in Control Groups and Those Exposed to Aggressive and Non-aggressive Models shows a prominent difference in how children react to certain models, or lack of thereof. The research shows that children shown aggressive model treatment showed approximately 95% of aggressive responses, whereas the non-aggressive model group only showed 40% of aggressive responses. This shows that children who are presented with cartoon models are more likely to repeat such behaviour, although they are not taking part in the behaviour, or receiving a reward for repeating the behaviour. This study shows how the use of media can be used as a tool for helping individuals learn without

In the Bobo Doll experiment conducted by Albert Bandura, researchers were interested in testing children’s behavior in response to their exposure to violence. This study was constructed with 72 children, 36 boys and 36 girls from Stanford University Nursery School. Before the study began, each child was individually scored on his or her level of aggression towards others, as rated by the experimenter and the child’s teacher. Then the children were separated into groups based on a similar score of aggression. The children were separated into three groups of 24 children. The three groups allowed the experimenter to create the conditions used to test the children’s response to violence, which was the independent variable, as it affects the children’s aggressive behavior, the dependent variable. The first group of subjects was the aggressive model group, where the subjects were presented in a