Chilean Water Sanitation

Chile has a competitive advantage in the forestry sector since pine grows exponentially faster in the southern forests of Chile than in New Zealand, Sweden, and Canada. While Chile has a competitive advantage in the forestry sector, it is not the leading export. Chile’s leading export is the mining sector which makes up 51 percent of the exports, and contributes more than eleven percent to Chile’s GDP. Not only is the forestry and mining sector important to Chile’s exports, but also the fishery sectors; Chile is one of world’s leading exporters of fish and fishmeal. While Chile is a large exporter and focuses on increasing exports, Chile also imports goods. Chile’s main imported good is manufactured goods, such as

Chile has a lot of iron, coal, iron ore, gold, silver, manganese, sulfur, petroleum, nitrates, and

Due to the location of Canada, they retain a large amount of fresh water, 20% to be exact (Water 2012). However, even with the large percentage only 7% of the renewable freshwater and most of the water (just like in the United States) is not located in desirable areas. The majority of the Canadian population lives along the southern border with the United States and which creates the problem of most of the country 's fresh water is found in the north drainage basins (Water 2012). As this hard to reach water reaches the cities or towns, municipal water supply only accounts for 12% of water use in Canada (Water Uses 2013). The larger user of this finite source come form cooling plants (64%), manufacturing (14%) and agriculture (9%) (Water Uses 2013).

Chile is a small country that is located in South America and bordered by Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. Chile's population is a round number of 16,136,000. The capital of Chile is Santiago. Chile is about 756,096 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 291,930 square miles. Chile's main language is Spanish and their religion is mainly Roman Catholic, Protestant (Chile: National). Chile's currency is the Chilean peso. Our U.S. dollar compared to the Chilean peso is 1 U.S dollar = 669.773 Chilean pesos (World's). The life expectancy of a Chilean female = 82-83, male = 77, and the average is 80 (Life). Michelle Bachelet is Chile's president, she is the first female president of Chile. She has served from 2006-2010 and she is currently on her second term which

Water scarcity is a huge problem and it affects nations throughout the Americas, including the country of Chile. Chile’s water supply was devastated in the 1980s with the pollution that would come from mining and irrigation projects alongside rivers, lakes, and aquifers. Chile has made it a clear point to turn around and to help and save their water supply and live in a pollution free environment. Chile is affected by water scarcity because it is one of the driest and most heavily populated places in the world, it has a lot of pollution, but has promised to stay cleaner and try to use the water in a smarter way.

Corn and beans are considered to be the staple crops of this country. Other crops that grow well are wheat, fruit, coffee, sugarcane, soybeans, rice and tomatoes. Many of the small lands are used to grow fruits and vegetables while larger lands are used to grow maize (Mexico /Economy/Agriculture, n.d.). Fruits and vegetables are typically grown in the northern parts of the country due to its drier climate (Mexico/Economy/Agriculture, n.d.). Although Mexico has plenty of agricultural land not much is used to grow crops, mainly because of the high cost it requires to maintain it. In addition, not only does the agricultural industry contribute to the country’s gross domestic product but livestock does as well. Mexico produces over 1 million tons of pork (ninth in world production), 1.6 million tons of beef (seventh in world production), and 2.2 tons of poultry (third in world production) annually (Mexico/Economy/Agriculture, n.d.). Some of the top exported products from Mexico to the United States include corn, soybeans, dairy, pork, poultry and beef making Mexico the United States’ third-largest agricultural export market (United States Department of Agriculture, n.d.). Additionally, the European Union is the third largest market for imports and the second largest market for exports from Mexico, followed by Canada and Japan

Chile also used its variety of climates, natural resources, and vegetation to its advantage. Simon Collier states that “From the viewpoint of foreign trade, the goose that laid most of the golden eggs was mining” (76). Sure enough mining was a vital component for Chile’s development. For example, the deserts of Chile contain one of Chile’s most profitable natural

About 14 percent of the labor force of Chile is engaged in Mediterranean agriculture, forestry, and fishing. This sector amounts to about 15 percent of the GDP (271). This would make it a primary activity, or "harvesting or extracting something from the earth" (268). Except for sheep raising, conducted in the far south, the bulk of Chile's agricultural activity is concentrated in the Central Valley. While only 3 percent of Chile's land area is currently under

There is no systematic information on the quality of water and sanitation services in Cuba. Some parts of the country, such as in Santiago de Cuba, residents at times go without water for as much as 20 days. Water is not reliably chlorinated, partly due to the unavailability of chlorine. As a result, residents receive water that is not safe to drink and have to store it in their homes, which further increases the risk of contamination. Some households have to resort sand filters to treat water in their homes.

Obstacles to increasing agricultural and livestock production include the poor quality of much of the country's land and the high degree of dependence on erratic supplies of water, plus the negative effects of public policies toward agriculture. For example, the per capita agricultural land of Peru is 0.3 ha, compared to a mean of 0.44 ha per capita for the whole of Latin America. 36.5% of the population lives in the costal areas, 38 % in the Sierra, 23.7 % in the elva. 12% of the total population lives in

If I created a Flash Seminar, the topic would be about the lack of clean water in other countries of the world. This topic first peaked my interest this past summer when I was reading an article about the poor quality of the water in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which was hosting the Olympic Games. Many people who swam in the water surrounding the Rio area contracted illnesses due to the amount of trash in the water. Even though Brazil had years and years to address the water situation, they never did. I would discuss the reason why Brazil didn’t clean up the water in the face of such an international event and the effect that the lack of action had on the athletes and tourists.

A number of their border communities and families rely on the groundwater, and aquifer decreases are a serious problem for large cities. Groundwater overdraft tends to result in higher pumping prices and eventually water shortages which could result into water fails. Inadequate coverage of the sewer systems and a high percentage of leakage rates has been a common problem inside of these communities. Sewered areas are problematic due to breaks in poorly maintained systems, resulting in leaks to the aquifer and threatens the groundwater quality. Annual Review Experts states that, “In Mexican cities, the percent of population benefiting from wastewater-sewer service ranges from only 39% in Ciudad Acuña and 47% in Matamoros to 80% in Nogales

“Chile - Agriculture.” In Encyclopedia of the Nations, by Nations Encyclopedia. N.p.: Advameg Incorporated, n.d. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Chile-AGRICULTURE.html.

Chile’s major exports are: Copper (Refined, Raw, and Ore), Sulfate Chemical Wood pulp, and Fish Fillets (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). The Copper materials combined approximately make up 50.6% of Chiles exports, while Sulfate Chemical Wood pulp makes up 3.7%, and Fish Fillets make up 2.8% (The Observatory of Economic Complexity). “Thanks to Copper, Chile’s economy is expanding by nearly 6% annually, while inflation and unemployment are enviably low” ("Copper Solution."). The Copper Industry is also State owned, and not enough funding is being provided for upgrading mines resulting in unsafe old mines ("Copper Solution."). The value of Chile’s Copper exports is approximately $40.08B, the value of Sulfate Chemical Wood Pulp is $2.93B, and the value of Fish Fillets is $2.21B (The Observatory of Economic

The higher fertility of Terra preta soils originally attracted the attention of geographers, soil scientists and archaeologists, where in general tropical soils can be low in fertility (Glaser et al. 2003). The addition of char seems to be very effective and productive in humid tropical areas, where soils tend to be highly weathered and infertile. The major challenge of agriculture within these regions is the high rates of decomposition of soil organic matter (Zech et al. 1990). This is a consequence of temperatures and rates of precipitation. In undisturbed Venezuelan soil, the mean residence time of organic matter has been calculated at 4 years (Tiessen, Cuevas and Chacon 1994). Biochar is significantly more stable and thus the mean residence time of organic matter is far greater. Singh and Cowie (2014), study over a 5 year period showed biochar can have a mean residence time of approximately 100- 1800 years; variance largely depends on conditions of pyrolysis and composition of feedstock. The Terra preta soils are characterised by their high levels of soil organic matter, as they can contain up to 150 g/ kg of C in comparison to 30 g/kg of the surrounding