Coke Industry China is the world’s largest producer of coke, and there is evidence that China has for the last decade manipulated production and prices. According to the OECD, China’s use of export quotas became more commonplace starting in 2004 and continued for several years. Coke export allocations of 12 million tons in 2008 were cut to 11.9 million tons in 2009, to 9 million tons in 2010 and to 8.4 million tons in 2011. As China rolled out the export quota over these years, it concurrently started to introduce export taxes on coke in 2006. The graph below shows China’s ad valorem export tax rates compared to Russia and the rest of the world in 2012. As depicted, China’s export tax was approximately 40%, while Russia’s was significantly lower at 5% and the rest of the world almost non-existent.
This export tax essentially raised the price that importers abroad, including the United States, had to pay at the end, making U.S. buyers of coke less competitive in the global supply chain. The added ad valorem tax would suppress demand, thereby reducing the price that sellers would receive on the market. When considering the aftermath of China’s loss in the 2013 WTO case, it was forced to eliminate the export restraint measures on the 9 raw materials, including coke. As a result, a tax-free situation meant that Chinese coke became cheaper again, which would have led to an increased supply of coke exports to the United States.
Chinese Motivations and Claims Defending Export
Founded in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton, multinational beverage manufacturer The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Today they are the world’s largest beverage company. Their current Chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent. Other notable people are Board of Directors member Robert Kotick and Executive Vice President Ahmet Bozer.
The article “U.S. Slaps Duties on Canadian Jet, Raising Trade Tensions,” written by Ana Swanson and published in The New York Times on September 26, 2017, describes how new duty fees will be charged on all new Bombardier CS100 airplanes imported into the United States. This conflict arose after Boeing (American airplane manufacturer) accused Bombardier (Canadian airplane manufacturer) of using subsidies to sell its jets at incredibly low prices in the American market. The United States Commerce Department confirmed that Bombardier’s CS100 aircraft had received subsidies that were worth 220 percent more than the value of the plane’s sales price. These subsidies, which were given by the Canadian government, allowed Bombardier to reduce prices on their aircraft. The profits that they
Coca Cola is one of the most famous and iconic brands in the world. In fact, it is so popular that according to Coca Cola’s most recent newsletter the word “Coca Cola” is the second most understood term worldwide only behind the word “okay.” Coca Cola origin roots can be traced back all the way to 1886 when Coca Cola was invented by John Pemberton who then with the help of his friend Frank Robinson named the drink “Coca Cola” and later on patented the Coca Cola extract. However, in 1888 both the Coca Cola brand name and its formula were acquired by Asa Griggs Candler who would go on to make Coca Cola an iconic brand and would lead an evolution that would change the beverage industry forever. However, Coca Cola would not be where it is now without several key milestones which guided the company to its success now. Some of these key milestones include in 1904 releasing its first Coca Cola Advertisements on magazines and artworks nationwide which began Coke’s popularity as it would go on to be a star in the beverage industry. This led to another key milestone in 1930 as Coca Cola decided to take its company internationally and compete in markets outside United States. This is important as this event lead to enormous success and brand value for Coca Cola as a world famous beverage product. Coca Cola’s successful entry into international markets was just the beginning for its success and these accomplishments would continue in 1950 as Coca Cola achieved another key
US marketing, while left unregulated can target those less educated in foreign countries to buy products they do not need. For example liquor company Diageo has been accused of lowballing the African liquor market and “driving smaller native companies out with cheap spirits and easy access” (Johns, Chelcee). With such cheap and easy access, they are accused of “crippling societies just getting on their feet” while encouraging excess demand going toward a foreign owned business that sells items that are not necessities (Johns, Chelcee). US company Coca Cola is also accused of selling water 10,000 times more expensive than tap water to developing countries, taking away vital disposable income (Daniels, John). US regulations need to be put into place in order to prevent up and coming countries from being taken
Argentina is one of the top vegetable oil producers in the world-due to low domestic consumption and high productivity- with Chile as a main buyer. After a tariff reclassification in 1999, the Chilean price band system (PBS) resulted in higher customs duties of up to 64.41%, thus violating the limit set at 31.5%. As a result, this issue was submitted to the WTO .
•Removing as much as $1 billion of tariff imposts from what Australian consumers pay for Chinese clothes, shoes, car components, cars and
As a source of income, 2. To protect domestic industries since Imported goods will price higher if tariffs exist. For the exporters, these tariffs will as a barrier on their export since the cost of exporting will increase. In other words, the tariffs were repealed under CEPA will bring advantages to Hong Kong. Under the economic theory and economic model, if a country (China) repealed their tariffs, the price of its imported good will decrease and imported quantity will increase, which bring (economic) advantages on the exporter (Hong Kong) since its export will
product, the effect is, like a tariff, to raise the price of the import and make
Coca Cola one of the most successful soda companies in the world went under attack by pranksters. In 2014, Coca Cola introduced a new slogan called “You’re on diet Coke” for their diet Coke soda. This slogan was a mistake for Coca Cola to make because when they first created their soda back in 1886, it contained cocaine as one of the ingredients, which was common back in the 19th century. The diet Coke ad started a lot of parody ads that Coke Cola wasn’t ready for. One of the first people who started the parodies was a blog named Animal. Animal modified the ad that Coca Cola made right after it was released to make fun of the Diet Coke ad. Many parodies were created like the TV commercial parody of the Diet Coke, but Animal’s was the most noticeable and shared ad over social media sites. When Coca Cola saw that the parodies are beginning to spread quickly all of over social media, Coca Cola released a statement saying that they don’t use illegal substances in any of their products. Then after the statement, they discontinued the slogan. Coca Cola didn’t intend at first to make such an ad to promote the use of cocaine, but they should’ve known that it will create this kind of reaction.
Sales in the United States are declining due to the public concern over sugar. Sales in Europe and Japan are flat, while markets in China and India offer up strong completion for Coca-Cola. Africa’s middle class population is growing at a steady rate, so the disposable income is increasing. This creates an opportunity for Coca-Cola to tap into growth opportunities (Natalia Cheverri 2012).
At the heart of these issues is one disturbing fact: China does not play by the rules. China’s market is largely a state controlled participant in the otherwise free markets (Dorn 78). The situation has not gone completely unnoticed, in 2012 President Obama announced the creation of a Trade Enforcement Unit, specifically citing unfair trading practices in China (“Obama Announces”). Despite America’s first-steps toward economic defense, the speed at which American wealth migrates to China continues to increase (U.S. Census Bureau).
Among the trilogy of trade remedy regimes- countervailing duty, safeguard and antidumping actions- antidumping actions are by far the remedy of choice. It 's a measure internationally adopted to stop unfair competition, regulate international market order and protect the security of the national industries. It 's adopted by an increasing number of countries as it 's playing an increasingly important role in international trade. It 's perhaps the most controversial subject involving foreign trade. The United States is the world 's biggest user of antidumping and has been for decades. China, on the other hand, has been the number-one target of antidumping by most countries for the past
China the third largest country in the world with a population of 1,261,832,482 (Cultures), as of the 2000 census, which is over 1/5 of the world’s population. (China)A country who has struggled for over 3,000 years to become the second largest economy. Their land covers over 3,691,502 square miles and borders thirteen countries; Mongolia, Russia, Viet Nam, India, South and East China Sea and the Yellow Sea, to name a few. The Great Wall of China divides the country into two regions the Inner and Outer China. 95% of the population live in Inner China. The southern half enjoys tropical weather and the northern part of China endures sub-artic temperatures. There are over fifty-five different cultures and languages. They refer to their country as the Middle Kingdom and house the tallest mountain in the world – Mt. Everest, several endangered animals such as the Giant Panda, several species of tigers, Red Crowned Crane, Yangtze Alligator, and the Golden Monkey. It is unfortunate the government does nothing to preserve these animals. Though the Chinese Communist party is atheist they have come to allow the people to worship their religion in which there are four major religions: Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, and Taoism. (China) Mandarin Chinese is the official language and their writing system which is complex and difficult to learn remained for thousands of years. It wasn’t til the
On global standards, in the consideration of growth, Chinas economy is impressive. However, within the nation itself, the economy has not been able to achieve the government standards it wants to during the past few years. The capability that China has to become the largest economy in the world is evident due to the fact that China is the second largest economy and with that power, everyone is looking at them to see how they are going to survive in the years to come. Their economy grew 6.7 percent in 2016, which is a 2 percent decrease from 2015. This may appear unfavorable at a glance but it is within China’s target range; therefore, a two percent decrease does not affect them much in the long run. China has to be able to reflect on what
Trade Barriers: High tariffs are still maintained on exported products that compete with domestic industries in China (Office of United States Trade Reprehensive) . China’s tax regulations are into conformance with international standards (Parliament of Australia Senate) . Therefore at present, cut flower exports to China carry a 70 percent import tax, including cost of transport, plus a value-added tax of 17 percent (Richard Tomlinson, 1995) .