China 's Economic And Technological Development

As one of the first civilizations, ancient China grew into the largest superpower in all of Asia (Strayer, 2012, pp. 133). Ancient China impacted history through their military conquests, major historical figures, and most significantly, founded a technological breakthrough for the world, metallurgy. Metallurgy is the branch of science and technology concerned with the properties of metals and their production and purification (Oxford, 2010). The Chinese made great advancements in metallurgy as it emerged from the Neolithic period and then as it progressed into the Iron Age. Early evidence of the origination of the technologies used to make bronze alloys is debated, however, superbly crafted bronze objects have been found in China dating back from around 2000 B.C.E. from the Shang dynasty. However, there is no debate over where the unique metallurgical methods to melt and cast iron were developed over a thousand years prior to any evidence found of it the

The illegal trade of drugs across borders has primarily grown because of the increased prohibitions of drug trading in many countries by their governments and the mass amount of money that is involved to be profited from in its trade. The government of the United States of America has taken several steps in its history in order to restrict or end drug trafficking in the country. Socially, the American culture has been vastly affected by the introduction of drugs in the system. The stance of the governments that have run the country has been totally against drugs in the last century as the government aims to get rid of the bad social and environmental effects of these drugs.

In the past forty years, the United States has spent over $2.5 trillion dollars funding enforcement and prevention in the fight against drug use in America (Suddath). Despite the efforts made towards cracking down on drug smugglers, growers, and suppliers, statistics show that addiction rates have remained unchanged and the number of people using illegal drugs is increasing daily (Sledge). Regardless of attempts to stem the supply of drugs, the measure and quality of drugs goes up while the price goes down (Koebler). Now with the world’s highest incarceration rates and greatest illegal drug consumption (Sledge), the United States proves that the “war on drugs” is a war that is not being won.

“Drug policy regarding the control of the traditional illicit substances (opiates, cocaine, cannabis) is currently moving through upbeat times in almost all Western countries. Prohibition on the basis of repressive law enforcement not only seems to fail on a large scale, but also to create vast additional costs, problems, and harm for drug consumers, who often find themselves in extreme social, economic, and health conditions” (Fischer 1995: 389).

Drugs. They have entered our communities, our schools, our neighborhoods, our homes. For generations now they have been affecting our society; influencing politics, laws, wars, science, and the overall structure of society. Russia and Mexico have had some of the highest involvement in drugs, and the fight against them. In Russia almost 6 percent of the total population, which is about 8.5 million people are drug addicts, or regular users. Russia has also become increasingly involved in the trafficking of drugs. In comparison Mexico has been one of the largest marketplaces for drugs, and has been a major producer and exporter of marijuana and heroine. In order to further better their countries, Russia and Mexico have implemented certain policies to restrict, outlaw, or limit drugs and the trafficking of them. This paper is going to compare Russia’s and Mexico’s policies on drugs, it will explore the history and background of both countries policies, the effectiveness of each of the countries policies, and will compare the two countries policies. In this comparison we will discover which country if any has had a more effective policy on drugs.

The United States is not the first country dealing with an opioid epidemic. In the 1600's China faced a widespread addiction (Hanson et al 252). The Chinese people started smoking opium as a distractions (Hanson et al 252). The Chinese government decided to outlaw opium from China and set consequences for having the medication. If caught with opium a person was sentenced to

In the past several decades, millions of people in America have become involved in illegal drugs, either through usage or through the importation, manufacture, sale and distribution of these illegal substances. According to United States Justice Department statistics, of the millions of Americans who use illegal drugs today, 2.7 million of these people are hard-core drug abusers. The hard-core drugs that enjoy the most popularity are crack, cocaine and heroin -- all of which are highly addictive. Addiction increases consumption and consumption increases the necessity to provide the drugs. It is an illegal example of a supply and demand scenario.

Although Cold War may have put an end to tensions, it produced other unforeseen effects such as a significant expansion in the trafficking of illegal drugs across the in home nation’s boundaries. International travel has become easier due to the increasing technology of airports, and as basically made all nations hypothetically borderless. Even though international drug trafficking organizations (DTOs), such as the Cartel in Mexico, have never respected national boundaries, bigger markets for drug production and easier transportation of the drugs, along with increasing drug use in poor income areas, has impacted drug trafficking. Correspondingly, the universal market for drugs, and the volume of sources to provide to the drug market, is developing exponentially around the world. Once referred to as “the American disease”, Drug trafficking has now became a worldwide plague.

An overview of the facts as they stand has yielded increasing credibility to the idea that Prohibition not only does not decrease crime frequency, but it actually leads to an increase in illegal activity. This is immediately visible in the fact that smuggling and the crime syndicates that carry out these schemes are direct benefactors of laws that ban drugs. This has come to pass to such a disturbing level that these crime organizations can even rival governments for control over entire regions of the certain countries. Drugs often also became more potent because more of it can be stored in a smaller space, reducing transportation costs and increasing profit. When production was halted in America, the source ended up coming from their immediate geographic neighbor, Mexico. The issues surrounding illegal smuggling over the US-Mexico border still heavily affects top-level political discourse. The corruption in law enforcement that is predominant in the Mexican political scene also has shown to be capable of leaking into American politics and law enforcement through border smuggling phenomenon. Another aspect of an increase in crime because of prohibition is the fact that reducing the supply of a product (through law enforcement) without reducing the demand first (since there will still be people who are addicted to drugs) creates higher drug prices. This is a considerable problem because it means that individuals need more money to finance their drug addictions which leads people to drug-related crime - that is the incidence of crime as a direct consequence of requiring money or products with value to finance the acquisition of drug. This complicates the issue by tapping into other forms of crime, such as prostitution and human trafficking, the predominance of which also directly

Drug trafficking has become an increasingly growing problem in the world today. Illegal drug trade is a worldwide black market consisting of production, distribution, packaging, and sale of illegal substances. Although today’s "War on Drugs" is a modern phenomenon, drug problems have been a common problem throughout history. The market for illegal drugs is massive, when we consider the estimated global drug trade value is worth $321 billion (Vulliamy). The most drug trafficking happens on the border between Mexico and the United States. Former Mexican President Felipe Calderon said, “Our neighbor is the largest consumer of drugs in the world. And everybody wants to sell him drugs through our door and our window”

Drug trafficking and drug abuse has long been a frustrating feature of United States and other country around the world. The United Nations Office of Drug Control and Crime Prevention points out that the fight against drug

Drug trafficking is an international trade entailing the planting, manufacture, disbursement, as well as sale of substances that are subject to drug ban rules. It is amid the most profitable unlawful businesses, which prevails all over the globe. Currently, there are numerous illicit groups, which every year make profits from drug trade (Lacher, 2013). Fighting drugs is a contemporary issue, challenging crime management. Heroin and cocaine are the main drugs, which has had a long standing in the international scene. Heroin is produced in large scale in Afghan, while cocaine production is widespread in South America. The paper is a comparison and contrast of the Afghan heroin trade and South American cocaine trade.

Along with the rapid growth of Chinese economy, the illicit drug trade and use regain

The global policy on drugs has one main concern, as maintained in the first clause of the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs: promoting the health and welfare of mankind (United Nations, 1961). The convention and global drug policy actors have asserted through the years that drugs pose a threat to this concern, and so an integrated effort to reduce supply, demand and trafficking of said narcotics is the desired course of action (High Level segment Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 2009). It seems that this course of action became an end of itself instead of a mean to an end of health and welfare, as mounting evidence shows that the actions taken to achieve this have not only been ineffective in reducing supply, demand and trafficking; they have also created severe violations of human rights, alongside criminalization, a hazard to public health, and drug cartels which pose a very real threat to peace and security.

Many incurable diseases in the world are being cured and eliminated with the development of science and technology, while there are some new adverse factors probably can result in great harm to people 's health. Amongst these factors, the use of illicit drug is a crucial cause of spreading infectious diseases and deaths. It is estimated that more than 200 million people use illicit drugs in 2010 and among these user, approximately 100,000 deaths are related to the use of illicit substance (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012). Furthermore, illicit drug use also indirectly hinders the development of economy and society, for instance, it