Chinook Salmon Respiration

This experiment was designed to identify the effect of cold-water temperatures on the respiration rate of goldfish. The respiration rates helped to identify the goldfish as being ectotherms or endotherms. Organisms exchange gases with their environment through a process called respiration or breathing. Aerobic respiration, also known as aerobic metabolism, occurs when oxygen is taken into the body and sent to all its cells; the oxygen is then used to break down food for energy (White and Campo 2008). Respiration can be experienced through several structures such as the lungs, tracheae, gills, and integument in order to obtain

Salmon have a truly incredible life cycle. Like all fish, salmon spawn from female eggs and then go on to develop into “alevin,” which is a term for newly hatched fish. First off, they derive nourishment from the yolk sac from where the salmon are born. Once the sac has been absorbed, the “fry,” or baby fish, then emerges from the river gravel and starts the search for food. Fry instinctively deal with the river currents and learn to swim together as a school right away. Anywhere from a couple days to two years old, fry will continue to live in fresh water until they start the next, “smolting,” phase. Smolting is a

The average period of time that sockeye salmon live in the wild is 4 to 5 years. The oldest salmon that was caught was 8 years of age. Usually sockeye salmon die after mating (“Longevity, aging and life history of Oncorhynchus nerka”, 2009; Groot, 1966)One thing about sockeye salmon that is special and unique about them is that they swim in runs when migrating to freshwater streams to spawn. They additionally establish gregarious hierarchies, conventionally at times of reproduction. The most astronomically immense male is most ascendant (Crutchfield and Pontecorvo, 1969; Quinn, 2005). The predators of sockeye salmon are considered to be bears, lake trout, squawfish, mountain whitefish, and birds such as mew gull. Humans additionally consume a considerable about sockeye salmon.

In the North Pacific there are five species of salmon. Each kind of salmon is known by different names like, Chinook (king), sockeye (red), coho (silver), chum (dog), and pink (humpback). These are all valuable, but the Chinook or King Salmon were the prize of the Columbia River system. In the late 1800s about 2,500,000 cans of salmon nearly filled a cannery store and storage rooms in Astoria, Oregon. Fresh, salted, dried, and smoked were the only options for preserving and eating salmon before the spread of canning technology in the mid 1800s.

The first Pacific salmon hatchery was constructed on the McCloud river in California in 1872, and its purpose was to produce Chinook salmon eggs that would be distributed far and wide, starting a practice of introducing non-native fish for human enjoyment and consumption that has proven very destructive, both to populations of salmon and other fish species (Maynard and Trial 2013). During this time the main goal of hatcheries was to produce as many salmon as possible, regardless of the carrying-capacity of the effected stream, a practice that was largely motivated by the canning industries who benefitted significantly from increased salmon production. During this period, the natural environments that shaped the development of each salmon run were not only seen as unimportant, but actually detrimental to salmon-production (Maynard and Trial 2013). Current research makes it clear that these factors, which early hatchery managers saw as detrimental, are in fact key to healthy salmon

Chinook salmon (known by its scientific name as Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is the largest species out of the Pacific salmon genus, with an individual chinook measured over 120 pounds (fishwatch.gov, 2014). Often known by the name as “king salmon”, it is one of the most expensive salmons as this species of the Pacific salmon is not abundant in North America. This salmon is originated in rivers ranging from Central California to northwest Alaska, but can also be found outside the United States such as in northern Pacific countries such as Canada, Russia, and Japan. They often live in oceans, but are spawned and born in freshwater rivers and streams (fishwatch.gov, 2014). According to the NOAA Fisheries, the United States currently has more than 20 stocks within the range between Central California to northwest Alaska. Population ranges varies within region—with rates of decline, growth, and constant of Chinooks in Alaska (fishwatch.gov, 2014), while non-Alaskan Chinooks in the Pacific Northwest are currently facing rates of decline (Peery, Kavanagh, and Scott, 2003). In terms of the current status of endangerment/threatened, it varies within region in parallel with population rate. The Chinook salmon from Alaska are considered healthy and none of them have yet been listed in the Endangered Species Act (fishwatch.gov, 2014). On the other hand, those in the Columbia and Sacramento Rivers are currently face being endangered, while Chinooks living in the California Central Valley

While it is not entirely known how salmon manage to navigate treacherous waters to return to the place they are born, research shows that changes in the water have affected the way they perceive the world around them, and could greatly impact the way that salmon

An interesting note is that the fins on a trout have no bones, they are primarily composed of fatty deposits, even the tail. Trout have long been considered a bony fish, and internally they are. some consider their skin very tasty and good to eat, (although I don’t recommend it). Trout are so tasty and very popular among fish eaters and restaurants, that they have become farm raised (hatcheries) and sold as well as bread for restocking . Raising or breeding trout is very vital to streams and rivers because of the popularity of fisherman. It is necessary to Replenish these water’s to avoid overfishing and elimination of the

Ever wonder where the salmon migrate? The salmon go through a lot of obstacles just to get to their destination. Salmon can live up to two to seven years. the Washington state has announced that the salmon are listed as threatened or endangered fish. In the salmon family there are eight species of salmon that grow in the Washington State (Chinook, Coho, Chum, Pink, Steelhead, Sockeye, Bull Trout, and Cutthroat.) and there are five that grow in the Pacific (Chinook, Chum, Coho, Pink, and Sockeye)

The King Salmon or Chinook Salmon is the state fish of Alaska and is the biggest salmon in the world.Since it is the largest salmon in the world people call it the “king” salmon. King Salmon have a blueish-green back with silvery sides and a white belly and black spots on the back and tail.The King Salmon or the Chinook Salmon can grow up to 2-5 feet long and 40 pounds. The King Salmon has a short lifespan which is usually 3-7 years. King Salmon are anadromous, which means they spawn one in their life and die.

Salmon are semelparous animals, meaning they only spawn once in a lifetime. The fish then quickly deteriorate and die. Not being able to adapt to the freshwater after being in the saltwater ocean for so long.

The Salmon River is located in Oswego County New York and it empties into Lake Ontario at Port Ontario. It is a major hub of public recreational fishing in New York State and contains a variety of fish including Chinook, Coho, and Atlantic Salmon as well as Brown Trout and many others. The Salmon River was an extremely productive tributary into the late 19th century. Unfortunately, a variety of factors led to the degradation of the water and subsequently the Atlantic Salmon population collapsed. These factors included deforestation, over-fishing, and dam construction. (dec.ny)

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) belong in the Salmonidae family which is native to North America but have been introduced to all continents apart from Antarctica. Its upper body is dark greeny blue, the sides are a lighter shade of olive green and blue and underneath their stomach is silvery-white. Their head and body are speckled and pink, red, or orange patches can appear along the rainbow trout’s head and/or flanks. Rainbow trout live in freshwater creeks, rivers, lakes, and dams. However, in the northern hemisphere some rainbow trout have been known to migrate between fresh and salt water for breeding. This is not the case in Australia though, as most are restricted to fresh water. Rainbow trout prefer cool waters of 10-22

In The salmon fished in British Columbia generally migrate from the ocean and into nearby watersheds to spawn. While in the ocean, salmon depend on a diet of small fish, such as krill and herring. However with the risk of biodiversity depletion, many of these species may disappear, affecting fish populations globally and British Columbia’s salmon population. If our local salmon populations were to decrease, the long term effects would greatly disturb the killer whale and bear populations that depend on the fish, the indigenous people, the fishing business, and overall

And from the great salmon comprise by Ben Goldfarb, “overfishing and destruction from mining, logging and development - which bury spawning beds in sediment, strips banks of vegetation and raise water temperatures - have taken their toll. Still dams are the most visible culprit.” River banks with no vegetation means erosion is more likely, warmer water temperatures hold less oxygen and salmon