Chitosan Case Study

Nano-composite plastics and carbon nanotubes have been utilized for industrial and consumer packaging, the later offering an improved packaging solution for electronics components by making the materials used lighter and stronger. Nano-porous silica is a high porous, low-density solid material that supports various temperatures making it a great insulation product that can be applied in a wide range of fields from pipe insulation to refrigerators and even microelectronics. Nanoparticle based colloids are employed in the manufacturing of sunscreens, paints, and printer inks and nano-coatings can be applied in order to obtain scratch resistant surfaces. Composite nano-materials can be considered the basis for all the other current and future commercial applications of nanotechnology.

For instance, pentan-1-ol, the alcohol utilised to synthesis 1-pentyl ethanoate, is relatively flammable due to the hydroxyl functional group attached to the molecule. Therefore, in order to prevent severe burns, a laboratory coat and safety glasses were worn. The experiment was additionally performed whilst standing up, so that if the aliquot of pentan-1-ol ignited,

Since the cetane rating of the fuel is a measure of the ignition characteristics of the fuel, it can be concluded that the heavier members of the paraffin family have higher cetane ratings. In fact, cetane, C16H34 (hexadecane) is the primary reference fuel in the cetane scale with an arbitrary cetane rating of 100 while other normal paraffins have cetane ratings that

Chitin is a nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide present in the cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of crustaceans, insects and other arthropods. The exoskeleton serves are protection and structural support for the arthropods (Pechenik, 2009). Furthermore, in crustaceans, the chitinous substances is added with calcium carbonate for added protection (Berg, Martin, & Solomon, 2006). Chitin has several derivatives and one of them is chitosan. Chitosan is obtained through deacetylation of chitin under alkaline conditions the acetyl group present in chitin is removed and thus the substance is converted into chitosan (Rinaudo & Younes, 2015). Chitosan is a copolymer composed of N- acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine and possesses various properties such as antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility and biodegradability (Teli

Therefore, there is strong pressure from the government and those consider about the environment to use non halogen flame retardants because of the health and environment concerns6. For example, many organohalogen compounds, especially flame retardant epoxy resins containing bromine or chlorine, can produce a super toxic halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans that leads to damage to human health6,9. In fact, the combustion of halogen compounds produces toxic smoke, which is potentially harmful to humans and animals. Therefore, most fire deaths and injuries result from inhaling carbon monoxide. The incorporation of organohalogens makes the yield of toxic smoke of products increase during combustion10. Therefore, a significant flame retardants should be invent to make the most an efficient way of obtaining the environmentally friendly flame- retardant system.

PHAs can be divided into two group that are included short-chain-length PHAs (sCL-PHA) with 4 to 5 carbons in one repeating hydroxyalkanoate unit, and mediumchain- length PHAs (mCL-PHA) with 6 or more carbons in monomeric constituents. PHB is the main polymer of the polyhydroxyalkanoates family, however different monomers, and thus (co)polymers, could be obtained because there are the different carbon substrates and the different metabolism of the microorganism. PHAs with 150 different types are largest group of natural polyesters

Ebnesajjad, S. (2013). Handbook of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics: properties, processing and applications. Oxford: William Andrew, 2013.

P-aminophenol on diazotization gives diazonium salt. When 3-pentadecynyl phenol dissolved in chilled solution of KOH in methanol was added dropwise in diazonium salt solution gives red dye (Yield 80 %). Thus HPPDP have been synthesized as shown in Fig.10. Further, HPPDP dissolved in DMF as solvent followed by reaction with 1, 6- diisocynato hexane (HDI) to synthesize polyurethane.Changqing Fu et al. [62] has synthesized the polyurethane from aromatic cardanol (industrial grade) based polyol by using thiol–ene coupling (shown in Fig.9). The resulting polyols were then polymerised with Hexamethylene diisocynate (HDI) to produce the corresponding bio-based polyurethane. Thiol-ene chemistry, for synthesis of cardanol based polyol can be used to

Each category has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, thermoplastics soften on heating and eventually melt like metals (Dyson 1990). The present chapter concentrates on two popular thermoplastics such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for fabricating conducting polymer nanocomposites (Kennedy & Taylor 1991). Thermosetting polymers are very common types of polymers, widely used for making conducting polymer composites. Almost 5th of polymers are used are thermosetting polymers as they find applications as they are used as composites, adhesives, and coatings (Allin 2004) These polymers are also called as thermosets which do not melt upon heating, cannot regain its shape once it is moulded. Among the three plastics, polyester is easy to use and very cheap. Vinyl ester shows the best chemical resistance compared to other, and high mechanical properties than polyester. Epoxy is expensive than vinyl esters. The present report discusses the three types of thermosets such as epoxy, vinyl ester, and

Many biomolecules besides amino acid are chiral, which contain one or more asymmetric carbon. Recently, the studies of the chiral molecules in the biological assembly system have been a subject to an extensive research. In order to improve the biosensor detection level, several research has been carried out, especially in the electrochemistry based research. In this study, collagen is used with the combination of carbon nanotubes to create a new bio-composite compound. However, this new type of bio-composite compound for certain need to go through some analyzation in order to improve the condition of the new bio-composite produced.

Nanofibers have gotten the consideration of scientists as a positive transporter candidate.Natural polymers, for example, gelatin and alginate make for good creation biomaterials for bearer nanofibers due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability that outcome in no damage to the tissue of the host and no lethal collection in the human body, individually. Also, the physical properties of the nanofibers

The nature of plastic has paused a challenge in the industry of PVC manufacturing as when it is exposed to high temperature or ultraviolet rays, the heat can distort the plastic. As a results scientists needed to implement and use new scientific innovation to solve this problem thus came up with the idea of incorporating additives to the compound to give it the ability to resist or prevent the effect of heat and rays on the tensile strength of PVC. Therefore the solution of using heat stabilizers within the PVC compound was a successful one in terms that it gave it the property of resisting heat to keep its stiffness and durability.

Uses of haloalkanes – CFC’s as fire extinguishers and the impact on the environment. Haloalkanes are used as monomers.

There have been several works done on passivating the nanotubes with different polymers and increasing their lifetime.

Commonly reported potentially allergic components of rice seed include 14-16 kDa α-amylase inhibitors, 26 kDa α-globulins, 33 kDa plant glyoxalase I, and 56 kDa granule-bound starch synthase (24). Some other less allergic components associated with rice pollen are Ory s 12 profilins, 14 kDa lipid transfer protein (Ory s LTP), 35 kDa beta-expansin (Ory s 1), polygalacturonase (Ory s 13) (25) etc. However, information related to rice chitinase is limited. As mentioned earlier, our group has identified rice chitinase to be a potential allergen.