Chlamydia Trachoma

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and it is caused by a bacterial infection. Chlamydia trachomatis is the specific bacterium responsible for the condition, affecting approximately 1 million people in the United States and almost a quarter of a million in the United Kingdom.

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Malaria (also called biduoterian fever, blackwater fever, falciparum malaria, plasmodium, Quartan malaria, and tertian malaria) is one of the most infectious and most common diseases in the world. This serious, sometimes-fatal disease is caused by a parasite that is carried by a certain species of mosquito called the Anopheles. It claims more lives every year than any other transmissible disease except tuberculosis. Every year, five hundred million adults and children (around nine percent of the world’s population) contract the disease and of these, one hundred million people die. Children are more susceptible to the disease than adults, and in Africa, where ninety percent of the world’s cases occur and where eighty percent of the cases

Chlamydia is a very small microorganism that affects the lining of mucous membranes of the genitals, mouth, anus and rectum. Chlamydia is one of the most common known STD here in the United States, in fact almost 3 million people a year are affected, both men and women. Leaving Chlamydia untreated can cause long term affects and permanent damages. In women it can cause for her to be infertile, and it men can cause his sperm count to be lower and reduce the chances of reproducing. Each year around 100,000 women are infertile from pelvic inflammatory disease. You can attract Chlamydia by having sexual intercourse with someone that has it rather its vaginal, anal or oral sex. There is one way to reduce a sexual transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia, is to have absolutely no sexual intercourse at all.

Chlamydia is primarily transmitted through sexual intercourse. It is transferred during oral, vaginal, or anal sexual contact with an infected partner. Chlamydia can also be acquired in the pharynx from oral-genital contact. Chlamydia can also be transferred from an infected mother to her child during delivery. The children often have an eye inflammation at birth or, in rarer cases pneumonia. There are several risk factors for chlamydia. Engaging in unsafe sex is a huge risk factor for chlamydia. Having sex with more than one partner also increases the risk of contracting chlamydia. Being in a sexual relationship with someone who has multiple sex partners is also a risk factor in becoming infected with chlamydia.

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most widespread and infamous bacterial infection affecting the genital tract. Not only is it quite common in developed countries but an increase in cases has sprung up in developing countries as well. In the United States, there is a 4 million per year case rate of chlamydia which costs the US approximately $2 billion dollars in consequences and treatments. Persons who suffer from chlamydia in underdeveloped countries and have no means of seeking treatment may become blind because chlamydia has the potential of causing trachoma. It is becoming a global interest to control and restrain this budding disease. In order to do so it is essential to recognize the symptoms of chlamydia, diagnose the victim, and

Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted bacterium that falls into the genus Chlamydia. In general it is prevalent amongst the younger adults due to living a promiscuous life style. C. trachomatis can be responsible for both long and short term effects from contracting this bacterial disease therefore the longer you have it the more severe the effects can be. Chlamydia can be asymptomatic meaning it can go unnoticed for a prolonged period of time without any symptoms; the symptoms that do arise are ones that can’t be ignored for they are irritating, painful and harmful, if left untreated. Anyone participating in any kind of sexual activity should be tested annually. There are a variety of ways and resources for diagnosing C. trachomatis along with treatments for this infection which include antibiotics and prevention strategies. C. trachomatis is the most common and reported sexually transmitted disease (STD) in Wisconsin (1). C. trachomatis has specific microbial characteristics such as size and shape. C. trachomatis is an obligate intracellular parasite which is a type of parasite that can reproduce only inside their host cell. Chlamydia is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomati. This bacterium can only be spread by having one or any of the following: anal, vaginal, and oral sex with someone who has chlamydia, this

The common term that is known to us around the world is chlamydia, but most people do not know its scientific name, which is called chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia is among the smallest living organisms. It is nonmotile and a gram-negative cocci bacteria. These parasites can bind to intracellular bacteria that only affect humans. So in a nut shell chlamydia cannot survive without us humans, where it takes everything from us but does not give back. In order for it to make copies of itself it needs the help of a human. Without the help of a human it cannot make copies of itself nor survive because it needs ATP and other nutrients that it isn’t capable of making on its own. It was believed that this bacterium was known to be a virus due to the fact it cannot synthesize ATP and grows only inside of a host cell. The cytoplasmic inclusion of chlamydia was mistaken for a protozoan parasite for a long period of time before they figured it out that it was a virus.

Chlamydia Trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen which is a gram-negative bacterium. This bacterium stains pink to red when it’s put under a microscope.

Millions of people worldwide are diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections every year. There are many various types of sexually transmitted infections. It is not unusual for most of these infections to show no symptoms. However, when symptoms are present, they can be very harmful, embarrassing, and painful. To avoid the dangers of sexually transmitted infections, it is vital to be aware of the different types of infections and how to avoid them.

trachomatis is classified into two biovars: the trachoma biovar which includes ocular and urogenital strains (A-K) and the LGV biovar (L1-L3) [21]. Trachoma strains are characterized by localized infection, while serovars A-C cause infection of the epithelial surface of the conjunctiva, serovars D-K are responsible for infections in the urogenital tract, especially in the endocervix [22]. Chlamydiae have a unique biphasic developmental cycle, which alternates between two distinct morphological forms, the elementary bodies (EB) and the reticulate bodies (RB) (Moulder, 1991). When infection occurs the EBs, which are metabolically inert, attached to and stimulate uptake by the host cell. Upon entry, the internalized EBs remain within a membrane-bound, host- derived parasitophorous vacuole, termed an inclusion, where they differentiate into larger, reticulate bodies that are non-infectious but metabolically active form, called RBs [24–26]. The RBs undergo proliferation by binary fission and inclusion growth, and after 8 to 12 rounds of multiplication, the RBs convert back into EBs. At 30-84 hours post-infection (PI), depending on the infecting species the infectious EBs progeny are released from the host cell, which is going through lysis, to attach the neighboring cells and initiate another cycle. However, under stressful growth conditions caused by immunological response, antibiotic treatment or nutrients starvation [27–33], the developmental cycle is disturbed and the EBs convert to enlarged, aberrant, non-infectious bodies (AB), until the stress factor is removed [25]. This in vitro state that was defined by “viable but non-cultivable Chlamydiae” involving “morphologically enlarged, non-dividing, aberrant RB” which is generally “reversible” to yield infectious EB is called “chlamydial persistence” [26,27]. Although a lot of data exist about chlamydia persistence in vitro and in murine models, not much is known about persistence in vivo and requires further

Chlamydia infection is particularly caused by the bacteria known as Chlamydia trachomatis which in turn causes cervicitis and bartholinitis in women and urethritis in men. It also causes extragenital infections which include rectal and oropharyngeal infections (World Health Organization, 2016). As a form of sexually transmitted infection, an individual may get infected through sexual contact – vaginal, anal, or oral sex. A person is more likely

Malaria has been a huge problem among many developing nations over the past century. The amount of people in the entire world that die from malaria each year is between 700,000 and 2.7 million. 75% of these deaths are African children (Med. Letter on CDC & FDA, 2001). 90% of the malaria cases in the world are located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Once again, the majority of these deaths are of children (Randerson, 2002). The numbers speak for themselves. Malaria is a huge problem and needs to be dealt with immediately.

Have you ever looked across a clear sparkling ocean front? Took time to gaze at beautiful flowers while walking outdoors? Or watched your family laugh and smile while enjoying a day out together? These are a few things our eyes allow us do. The eye is a very important part of our anatomy. It lets us to do one of our most important five senses and that is to see. Just like any other part of our body things can go wrong. The particular impairment I would like to address is when our eyes get infected and inflamed. Our eyes can get infections from either bacteria, fungal, parasitic, or viral infections. The eye can get these organisms through allergens, mechanical irritation, or chemical substances that leads to

About 3.3 billion people, that is about half of the world’s population are at risk of contracting malaria (figure 1). Every year there are 250 million cases of malaria, and nearly 1 million deaths. That amounts to 2,732 deaths per day. Out of those million people that die every year, 800,000 of them are African children under the age of 5. To control malaria three actions need to be taken: insecticides need to be used to decrease the vector population, people have to be educated as to how to prevent the vector from reproducing, and anti-malarial drugs need to be distributed. To understand the vector and what the vector is, scientists had to first discover what the parasite was and how it worked. It was not until the year 1880 that French Physician Charles Laveran discovered that Malaria was caused by a protozoan in the genus Plasmodium (Malaria, 2013)