Chloramphenicol

AIM – The aim of the experiment is to determine the relative effectiveness of several anti-microbial substances on developing pathogens. (E. coli)

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

Acetaminophen or Paracetamol (4'-hydroxyacetanilide, PAR) is used as an analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is used for mild to moderate pain. It is also useful for lowering fever [1]. It is a main ingredient in many cold and flu remedies. In combination with opioid pain drug, acetaminophen is used in the management of severe pain such as cancer pain and after surgery [2].

Tramadol, (1RS,2RS)-2-[(dimethylamino)-methyl]-1-(3- methoxyphenyl)-cyclohexanol is a synthetic, centrally acting analgesic used both parenterally and orally for the treatment of moderate to severe pain[1-3].It has dual mechanism of action; weak agonistic effect at the μ-opioid receptor, as well as inhibition of monoamine(serotonin, norepinephrine) re-uptake[4]. In healthy volunteers, oral tramadol 100mg provided superior analgesia compared with placebo. The peak analgesic effect occurred 1 to 4 hours after drug administration, with analgesia persisting for 3 to 6 hours[5].

The purpose of this study and experiment was to analyze and compare the relative antibiotic resistance of the gram-negative bacterial species Serratia marcescens to the antimicrobial species streptomycin and ampicillin. Preceding researches have shown that streptomycin has a stronger effect on the bacteria species than the ampicillin. In this experiment, the disc-diffusion method has been introduced and the zone of inhibition was measure in millimeters around the disc saturated with the same molar concentration of the two antibiotics- streptomycin and ampicillin. The hypothesis is that if the colonies of S. marcescens were treated separately with streptomycin and ampicillin with all other factors remaining the same and controlled, the S. marcescens would display a stronger resistance toward the ampicillin than to streptomycin. The results from the experiment supports the hypothesis that S. marcescens is more resistant to ampicillin than to streptomycin.

These mutations, no matter what process that has led to their occurrence, block the action of antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action (1). Currently, antibiotics attack bacteria through one of two mechanisms. In both mechanisms the antibiotic enters the microbe and interferes with production of the components needed to form new bacterial cells. Some antibiotics act on the cell membrane, causing increased permeability and leakage of cell contents. Other antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in cells. They block one or more of the steps involved in the transformation of nucleic acids into proteins.

By testing bacteria habitat prone areas before and after the use of these antibacterial agents on bacteria it can clarify whether or not bacteria has

The major dynamic interactions of Diazepam occur with other CNS depressant drugs including ethanol, non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics, barbiturates and drugs with CNS anticholinergic effects such as antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants and opioids, which cause synergetic increase in CNS depression (INCHEM: Diazepam monograph, 1990). In relation to the potential drug interactions specific to Mrs G, concurrent administration of hepatic enzyme inhibitor such as omeprazole can reduce the clearance of Diazepam and enhance the action of Diazepam (Medsafe: Arrow- Diazepam monograph, 2013). Moreover, the concomitant administration of anti-anxiety agents such as Nozinan

Loratadine HCl (LOR) , which is chemically designated as ethyl 4 (8-chloro 5,6 dihydro,11H- benzo[5,6] cyclohepta[1,2 b]pyridin- 11- ylidene) -1- piperidinecarboxylate Hydrochloride is a tricyclic, piperidine derivative of antihistamines [1,2]. It is a second generation antihistamines, so it has non–sedating properties. Loratadine are newer drugs that are much more selective for peripheral H1 receptors as opposed to the central nervous system H1 receptors and cholinergic receptors. H1 antihistamines are applied in the treatment of allergies, they prevent symptoms such as itching, congestion, rhinorrhoea, tearing and sneezing. This selectivity significantly reduces the occurrence of adverse drug reactions, such as sedation, while

One of the drugs we will be investigating is Chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol is a member of the Amphenicol family/class of antibiotics. It is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Members of the family work by targeting protein synthesis. Due to its ability to work against gram-negative and

Through experimentation as well as research, we identify Amoxicillin as an antibiotic drug within the penicillin group that fights the bacteria by preventing them to form cell walls, inhibiting protein synthesis therefore removing the ability for further growth of the bacteria culture. In doing so kills the bacteria, inhibits growth and eradicates infections, placing it in the category of a bactericide. Amoxicillin however is a used to inhibit a bacterium that causes tonsillitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, gonorrhoea, and infections of the ear, nose, throat, skin. Amoxicillin, is a weaker more limited spectrum of antibiotic and therefore if a new experiment was conducted against stronger more specific antibiotics that treat E.Coli, there is a possibility that amoxicillin wouldn’t be the best in comparison to other antibiotics. This thought is lead by the fact that although the zone of inhibition in this experiment was large. It didn’t cover the whole agar plate; also because from research we are aware that amoxicillin is specific to bacteria that are located in the face, neck and chest area leading to believe that there is a specific antibiotic for the bacteria

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venequelae. It is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic that interferes with bacterial protein synthesis and impedes bacterial cell proliferation (U.S National Library of Medicine). Chloramphenicol is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci and bacilli including anaerobes. The drug is primarily bacteriostatic but can be bactericidal in high concentrations against some bacteria. The drug is used as oral therapy for infections due to methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and of urinary tract infections caused by E. coli. (Louisiana Department of Health and

to decrease the bacteria that forms sores in mouth by avoiding redness and bleeding gums during usual brushing. Dentists suggest this medication during visits for bleeding gums. Patients inhale through ventilator may suffer from pneumonia it’s avoided by periogard. Redness in Gum and gum swelling are controlled by Chlorhexidine Gluconate effectively. It cleanses skin problems caused due to injection, skin injury and surgery.

Gram negative bacterial antibiotics that consist of amino sugars in glycosidic linkage are referred to as aminoglycosides. Of the many gram negative bacterial antibiotics, Kanamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. Its mode of action consists of binding to the small subunit (30S) of the ribosomes in prokaryotes. Although much research is still underway about Kanamycin, this study and looks to confirm the elementary principles of Kanamycin and its effects on Escherichia coli DH5a. Since Kanamycin is concentration dependent it is relatively simple to measure bacterial growth on a variety of media. Concentrations used ranged from 0.019µg/ml to 160µg/ml across ten plates. We had two controls, one with no antibiotic on it to ensure that the bacteria was growing and the other with no E.coli to ensure that the antibiotic was not contaminated. The stock concentration of kanamycin was supplied by San Jose State Biology Department. Previous studies have shown that Kanamycin’s minimum inhibitory concentration against E.coli is 5µg/ml. Here, we show that the minimum inhibitory concentration of Kanamycin for our bacterial cultures was 20µg/ml. No bacteria were observed on plates with higher concentrations.

Antibiotics are vastly known to be prominent therapeutic agents used to treat and prevent bacterial infections. Antibiotics involve chemical substances, either of natural or synthetic origins, that destroy pathogenic microorganisms with minimal damage to host tissues. These chemotherapeutic agents combat various diseases by affecting different targets in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Antibiotics work through several mechanisms of action to combat target pathogens: (1) inhibition of cell wall synthesis; (2) inhibition of protein synthesis; (3) injury to the plasma membrane; (4) inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis; and (5) competitive inhibition of the synthesis of essential metabolites.