Chlorella Sorokiniana For Biofuel Production

In the current era, fossil fuel is a necessity in our everyday life, for not only it is used as an energy source, but also due to the high rate of dependability on the fuel itself. The recent drop in oil prices caused an enormous impact on the world economy, especially to the countries that are highly dependent on the fuel industry. The United States also are affected by this situation. One suggestion and a major change, in order to reduce the high dependency on the fossil fuel and to overcome the problems related to the usage of fossil fuel, is to start the wide use of biofuel as the fossil fuel replacement. The impact of this change, and also a huge improvement, not only will help to stabilize the economy, but also can help in reducing the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Several experimenters have found the CO2 from a smokestack works well for growing algae. To be economical, some experts think that algae farming for biofuels will have to be done as part of cogeneration, where it can make use of waste heat, and help soak up pollution.

Algae is easy to grow and requires little maintenance, and is renewable because it can be grown again and again. However, most people nowadays have cars that run on gasoline, as well as home appliances such as furnaces, stoves, and generators. In order for people to transition to algae biofuel, they will most likely have to purchase new appliances or new parts to make their existing appliances and cars algae-friendly. I think that with time, people will become more and more comfortable with the thought of utilizing algae biofuel for everyday activities, similarly to how it took years for people to accept using solar panels to run their households and electric to fuel their

–Algae can have high bio-fuel yield: algae can store energy in the form of oils and carbohydrates, which, combined with their high productivity, also can grow quickly at a large scale and can generate up to 50 times more the amount of oil per acre than row crops, like corn and soybeans, which produce vegetable oil.

To put it simply, Spirulina and Chlorella are algae that provide an extremely potent nutrient profile. These little tablets include a whole lot of good stuff which helps the body detoxify, making your immune system stronger and just rounding out a solid overall diet. Remember when you were younger and you hated eating your greens? Well now it easier than ever getting the right amount of nutrients in your diet when you start taking Spirulina and Chlorella! Stop eating plain salads that definitely aren’t giving you all the nutrients you need. I mean hey, I love a good salad every now and then too – but for real, they barely give you any helpful nutrients.

Algae is considered to be one of the stable, traditional food for people in Mexico (Spirulina platensis) and for people in Chad (Spirulina maxima) (Kuhad et al. 1997). Spirulina is one of the cheapest sources of protein and essential vitamins(Babu and Rajasekaran 1991). It is also rich in ß-carotene and dietary gamma- linolenic acid (GLA) (Chronakis and Madsen 2011). Spirulina is declared as a GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (FDA, 2003). Spirulina is produced extensively around different parts of the world (3000 tons/year) and used in food and animal feed(Gouveia et al. 2008).

The University of California, San Diego (UCSD) currently uses a cogeneration facility that uses methane gas to supply electricity and heat to the campus. Although the cogeneration facility saves eight million dollars a year, the use of methane gas does not follow the goals of carbon neutrality within the UC campuses (“Energy Management”). A non-carbon producing, alternative source of energy is needed to help reach this goal. By following the first solution from Bending the Curve, the use of electric producing algae can replace the consumption of methane gas. Using electric producing algae not only creates a carbon neutral way to produce energy, but it also removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and purifies waste water (Gajda et al.).

Biofuel is a type of energy which can be derived from biomass, animal waste and most controversially from renewable plants. Biofuel is used as a substitute for oil and other energies. The reasons for the growing fame of biofuel is both negative and positive as it is an alternative form of energy for the government and makes their life easy, on the other hand biofuel has made people life miserable by causing a raise in food prices. Biofuel is currently present in many different forms including Biodiesel, Bioethanol and Biogas.

In the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions nowadays, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people causing various environmental problems like generating a considerable amount greenhouse gas, current technology already lets renewable fuel like biofuels to shrink a certain amount of greenhouse gas production, making it a more ‘clean’ source of energy.

The shortage of energy is already one of crucial issues in some areas and it is spreading steadily across the globe. In addition, the vast majority of the consuming energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal, which threaten the damage of environment that can lead to the global warming. Therefore, it is required to find new renewable source of energy, which can entirely ensure sustainable system and provide the population with environmentally friendly, financially available and productive energy (Turner 1999). The methane gas (CH½) is the biogas that is abundant in nature; it is also produced anaerobically by recycling the materials as wood wastes, agricultural crops, municipal solid wastes, and wastes from food processing and aquatic plants and most effectively by concentrated animal wastes (Bingemer and et al. 1987). The biogas is widely adopted in many fields, such as heat and electricity production in industry, chemicals and proteins emitter, manufacturing the vehicle fuel. In addition, the methane has a significant role in agriculture; it is indispensable substance that can supply rural areas simultaneously with heat and electricity (Holm-Nielsen and et al. 2009). This paper suggests the methane gas as an alternative solution and evaluates the most proper area for opportunely utilizing it.

Unlike gasoline or diesel, biofuels release little pollution. It can also be used to produce electricity by heating water using biofuels and using the steam produced to rotate a turbine. Another method is to allow the biofuel to decay and produce methane. Methane is commonly used as fuel for car, heating, cooking, and producing electricity.

This essay focuses on two renewable energy resources. First of all, biofuel is now accepted as alternative energy in worldwide. The figures continue upward trend in the biofuel production. ‘An annual growth rate of 6.8% from 2006 to 2030 is expected for total biofuels consumption in the transport sector’ (International Energy Agency: 2008 cited in Zhou, et al., 2009:S11). Significant leaders of the biofuel market are Brazil, the United States and the European Union. The results of research indicated that 92% of the world’s ethanol is produced by Brazil and US together, while 90% of the world’s biodiesel manufactured by the EU. In addition, several developing countries in Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines have an enormous potential for biofuel production. Now these countries are

Spirulina platensis is a filametous blue-green algae (30–70 m helix diameter) (Sáncbez et al., 2003; Tomaselli, 1997). However, It have prokaryotic structure therefore they are a bacterium belong to cyanobacterium (Becker, 2006). Their cell wall contains peptidoglycan in its composition and structure, so it was classified as gram negative (Alessandro Novak, 2010). Spirulina can form population is fresh water and brackish lakes and some marine environments (Belov and Giles, 1997; Richmond, 1990). Spirulina platensis is a rich sources in protein algae of which amount to 60 – 70 percent of protein in dry cell weight (Becker, 1994) and minerals such as : iron, calcium, chlomium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc ( Belay, 1987 ) (table 1) . It has been used as human food for the last 20 years (Ciferri and Tiboni, 1985). In recent years, Spirulina also use as an animal feed supplement (Belay, et al, 1996). In addition, spirulina also contain Beta-carotene, provitamin A, Vitamin C and vitamin E (show in table 2) and has consequently it as a potential source of pharmaceuticals (Borowitzka, 1995). Nowadays, spirulina has been cultivated for studied due to its commercial importance as a source of essential fatty acid, Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) ( Belay, 1987 ) can be used in food, feed, medicine and cosmetic industries ( BayLan, 2012). According to Mezzomo et al. (2010), the microalgae ( spirulina platensis ) can be cultivated in dilute

The cost of the fermentation medium represents a critical aspect of the commercial production of biocellulose. The cheaper substrate used instead of the commonly used sugars as glucose or fructose might result in a lower cost of the final product. In this context, two algal substrates have been tested such as green alga (U. lactuca) and sea grass (P. oceanic). Data confirmed that P. oceanic was the best substrate in medium HSPO supporting the highest production of biocellulose (5.7 g/l). Carbohydrates are the major component of seagrass and seaweeds (ca. 50-70% on a dry basis) (Uchida, 2011), containing mostly polysaccharides to construct algal tissue. For example, brown algae contain alginate and fucoidan as major components. Red algae contain galactan (e.g. agar, carrageenan) as a major component. Seagrasses and green algae contain hemicellulose and cellulose as major components. These major algal polysaccharides are known to be unfavorable substrates for fermentation. This may be one of the reasons why algal fermentation technology has yet to be developed.

Rapidly Expanding market for biodiesel has increased the supply and reduced the cost of glycerol, making it an attractive sustainable feed stock for the fuel and chemical Industry. The conversion of glycerol may be carried out by both chemical as well as biological means. Many microorganisms are known to convert glycerol to value added products. This study involved the isolation of bacteria from soil sample obtained from biodiesel information and Demonstration centre, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga. The isolated strain was Klebsiella Pneumoniae and is designated as GNTEW-13. As the K.Pneumoniae strain is the known producer of 1,3-PDO, is an important component of fuel and polyesters (used widely in the petroleum industry) using crude glycerol for producing 1,3-PDO is a good solution from an economic as well as ecological point of view.