4. Discussion
Based on the results, the hypothesis was not correct. It was hypothesised that the control sample would retain the most chlorine, and light would retain the least, with stabiliser and cover between them. The results gathered were very different, showing cover as the best, retaining 70.2% of the original OCl-, and stabiliser as the worst with only 50.3% of OCl- remaining. The control and light samples were situated between them, with an OCl- retention of 58.6% and 56.1% respectively. This is very different to the expected results, and can only be put down to errors and anomalies, since there is no logical explanation for the control sample to do worse than the covered sample, since it was kept in darkness. However, the general
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When titrating, the concentration of OCl- was found, this would not account for the molecules which have bonded to form stabilised chlorine. Since the stabiliser has bonded with the ions there is less free chlorine than all other samples, resulting in the lowest readings for OCl-. However, since the reaction forming stabilised chlorine is an equilibrium reaction, as free hypochlorite ions are used the concentration of these in the pool will decrease. The reaction will then shift in reverse to retain equilibrium and reduce the effects of the concentration decrease, therefore more ions will be released. This would mean that the stabiliser is not the worst at sustaining chlorine, as the ions will slowly become free again as needed. To better compare this, the percentage decrease in [OCl-] was found for all samples, sample calculations for which can be found in appendix …show more content…
However, based on the logical unlikelihood of stabiliser having a negative effect compared to only light, the conclusion was drawn that due to bonding between the free ions which were measured with the stabiliser there was a drastic decrease in the measurement of free ions. After analysing the data using the percentage decrease of concentration, rather than the concentration itself the results were more logically sound, showing control as the worst and cover as the best method for chlorine retention. As both conclusions show a pool cover to retain the most chlorine, it would be recommended that a pool cover would be the best option to protect the pool from chlorine loss due to UV light. Using a pool cover will retain the most hypochlorite ions in a pool, thus are better at maintaining pool safety, since there will be more chlorine available to disinfect the pool and it will need to be added less frequently. Pool covers also have many other advantages in pool protection, as they stop debris from entering the pool, and are also more environmentally friendly, since fewer.00000 chemicals (hypochlorite and isocyanuric acid) are introduced into the pool. The pool cover also has a greater lifespan than these chemicals, reducing the expenses of pool maintenance. The disadvantages of covers are that they can cause a heat increase in to pool
To examine how the concentration of hydrochloric acid affects the rate at which it reacts with chalk.
The makeup of a compound drastically changes its intermolecular forces (IMFs) with the polar silica gel of a TLC plate; this concept is responsible for the variability of Rf values observed throughout the course of lab. The weaker the IMFs, the further a compound will travel through the silica. For instance, ionic interactions are the strongest IMF, but were not present during this experiment. H-bonding IMFs had the greatest impact for our specific compounds. Resorcinol and 3-chlorobenzoic acid exhibited low Rf values, due to its ability to H-Bond to silica’s hydrogen donors and oxygens acceptors (See graph 1). Both were adept to strongly H-bonded to silica because the compounds contained at least 1 H-donor and 2 H-acceptors. Thus, stronger/more
As scientists we were given the task to find the overall effectiveness of NaCl as a deicer. In choosing the best deicer we are comparing NaCl to KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2. We believed NaCl to be the best deicer as it
The goal of this was to successfully accomplish the synthesis of para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid. In this experiment, para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid was synthesized from 4-chlorophenolate and chloroacetic acid using an SN2 reaction. The product obtained was determined to be the para isomer of Chlorophenoxyacetic acid. This was confirmed by the melting point of 157.3-157.9 ◦C. The percent yield determined at the end of the experiment was 37.83 %. The TLC analysis showed that P-Chlorophenol was less polar than P-Chlorophenoxyacetic Acid because it had an Rf value of 0.38 in comparison to the value of 0.33 on a 50:50 hexane and ethyl acetate solvent mixture. In the NMR comparison, it was shown that both the starting material of chloroacetic acid and product contained a peak of integration two around 4 ppm representing the acidic proton. In the FT-IR comparison, it was determined that the Chloroacetic acid and the para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid both had an OH bond at 3416 cm-1 and 3429.72 cm-1 respectively. The Chloroacetic acid and para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid also both had a carbon-oxygen double bond at 1648 cm-1 and 1654.81 cm-1 respectively. The para-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid also contained a peak at 1236.18 cm-1 which represents the C-O-C bond.
Table 2: Consists of color extract taken from a red cabbage for a natural indicator. The pH reading that was measured by using the pH meter and the result of the pH reading to determine whether the solution was acidic or basic.
1. Purpose: to clarify the mechanism for the cycloaddition reaction between benzonitrile oxide and an alkene, and to test the regiochemistry of the reaction between benzonitrile oxide and styrene.
0.300 grams of biphenyl/ p-toluidine sample was weighed. Next, 10 mL of dichloromethane was measured in a graduated cylinder. The dichloromethane was transferred to a small beaker then the solid mixture was dissolved in it. A Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was conducted with the dissolved mixture in 20% Ethyl Acetate and 80% Hexane solution. The TLC plate was observed to be impure with two spots. To being extraction, a separatory funnel was placed inside of the hood and the stopcock was closed. A flask was placed under the funnel then the mixture was added to the funnel. Next, 10 mL of 3M HCL was measured in a graduated cylinder and
In this experiment, a Friedel-Crafts acylation was carried our by reacting acetic anhydride (the acylating agent) and dichloromethane (solvent) with anisole to substitute an acyl group onto the aromatic ring of anisole. Friedel-Crafts reaction can be classified as an electrophilic aromatic substitution. This involves an electrophile replacing a hydrogen atom located in the aromatic compounding forming a new carbon-carbon double blond. Acylation of a monosubstituted benzene has the opportunity to yield any or all three different disubstituted products. We used the boiling point and results from 1H NMR spectroscopy to determine if the product was a single product or a mixture of isomers. Say something about yields, NMR, and boiling point....
The investigation is showing how enzymes work inside a mammal's stomach. Rennin is the enzyme found in young mammals and has more effect
The purpose of this lab was to find out how gaviscon reacted with different salt solutions. Sodium Alginate is a compound that forms with the Gaviscon and forms a “raft” and blocks all the stomach acid from traveling up the esophagus.
The test define how much concentration a pollutant has. The concentration is expressed as a percent volume lethal to 50% of the tested organisms that are exposed to the particular pollutant during a fixed time period. (Carolina EcoKits, 2012) The value is known as the Lethal Concentration 50 or LC50. LC50 Aquatic Toxicity test can be done in two ways: flow through or static. The flow through test, is where many concentrations of the pollutant are pumped through chambers for a fixed period of time. For the static test, the aquatic organisms are exposed to a small concentration for the duration of the test. The values of these test help the EPA compare the toxicity and chemicals of the water and set regulations and guidelines. (Carolina EcoKits,
Based on the results of the test, the unknown substance was Calcium Chloride. Multiple tests were performed to determine the identity of the substance. By comparing known positive results to the unknown substance, properties could be discovered about the substance. Most tests led to this conclusion, however some tests did not follow the established properties of Calcium Chloride.
Chambers is working to develop a proprietary blend of PHA and other chemicals that will be spun into the fibrous mat for testing in Crim Dell this coming summer. Once the mat is created, it will be placed at the groundwater inlet to the sedimentation basin, where nitrate-rich water discharges into Crim Dell. I will set up automated water samplers upstream and downstream of the PHA mat, which will collect water continuously at pre-set time intervals. These water samples will be collected each week for analysis at the Keck Lab for nitrate, ammonium, and dissolved phosphate using standard spectrophotometric methods. I expect to show that dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are removed from the water column prior to discharge into Crim Dell, thereby improving water
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to further observe four types of chemical reactions. This lab will show four types of distinct chemical reactions and will increase my knowledge on each type.
Does Bleach Eliminate Bacteria? Abstract There are many methods used to destroy bacteria and this experiment tests the affects of Clorox bleach on bacteria. It will outline the methods used to determine if bleach could, or should be, used to decrease the amount of bacteria and whether or not this particular method is effective. The experiment will also test whether the levels of phosphorus and phosphatase in the soil are affected.