Chloroethenes And Methanogenesis

PFOA is and analogous compounds of varying chain lengths are persistent in the environment and do not readily biodegrade. Polyfluorinated forms partially degrade in the environment (Tseng et al., 2014; Harding-Marjanovic et al., 2015), particularly if conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentrations, or pH have been altered to treat co-contaminants (McGuire et al., 2014). However, degradation products are often more recalcitrant – degradable polyfluorinated forms are precursors for PFOA, PFOS and their homologs. In contrast, fungal degradation has been shown to result in lower production of perfluorocarboxylic acids (Tseng et al., 2014).

The radical chlorination of chlorobutane is performed using AIBN and sulfuryl chloride. The purpose in doing this is so that the 4 different products yielded could be observed and analyzed. The four products produced are, 1,1-dichlorobutane, 1,2-dichlorobutane, 1,3-dichlorobutane, and 1,4-dichlorobutane. For each product the chlorine adds in a different location relative to the original chlorine. This is due to a number of reasons, including the degree of carbon substitution and proximity to the chloro substituent.. The goal with this in the experiment was to find out why each product is given in different yields. Experimentally, to determine the effect of the chloro substituent on the reactivity per hydrogen, a gas

Pesticides are also found in the Great Lakes. These pesticides are made up of dangerous chemicals like toxaphene and chlordane. The rain transports the pesticides from crops to bodies of water like the Great Lakes. They are then absorbed by phytoplankton and it moves up the food chain from there. Pesticides

Available resources during this course includes two textbooks; “Introduction to ecotoxicology,” and “A textbook of modern toxicology.” Additional resources include various videos, complimentary transcripts to the videos, supplemental readings, the UOP online Library, and web searches.

Generally treatment processes are classified as physical, chemical or biological. Physical treatment process includes physical extraction of dyes by adsorption [8], membrane filtration [9] and ion-exchange. However, extracted dyes not be recovered, high cost and yet requirement of another process to degrade dyes makes these processes unsustainable. Chemical methods as Chemical Oxidation [10], Ozonization [11] and Electrochemical degradations are uneconomical and unfavorable for the environment. Biological methods are based on anaerobiotic or aerobiotic, microbial culture. But purely anaerobic digestion of azo-dye produces carcinogenic aromatic amine and aerobic deterioration alone is not able to degrade all dyes, also result in high amounts of sludge [12-14]. Sequential application of anaerobic followed by aerobic degradation has been providing a solution with the advantage of economic, reliable and ecological benefits [15,16].

Reinhold, D., Vishwanathan, S., Park, JJ., Oh, D., Saunders, FM. 2010. Assessment of plant-driven removal of emerging organic pollutants by duckweed. Chemosphere [Internet]. [Cited 2015 Nov 15] 80(7) Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510006363

Groundwater contamination has many far reaching environmental, political, societal and economic effects. Groundwater contamination, while obviously potentially detrimental to human wellbeing, can have a large impact on localities in any region of the world. When toxic agents are introduced into a groundwater system it puts all local wildlife in immediate danger. This includes the health of both flora and fauna near or in the flow from the source of contamination. Human health can also be impacted by this type of contamination. Toxic agents, in my example specifically tetrachloroethene (PCE), have many harmful effects on human health including affecting the central nervous system, causing cancers and causing pulmonary edema (Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity, 2017).

When looking at all three plots, the trend for all three properties is to increase as carbon number increases. This supports the information available about melting and boiling point. The melting point and boiling point are the temperatures at which the molecules have enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them together4. Melting point is the temperature at which a group of molecules changes from solid to liquid, and boiling point is the temperature at which a group of molecules changes from liquid to gas. Enthalpy of vaporization is the heat that is required for a substance to go change from a liquid to a gas.5 Melting point, boiling point, and enthalpy of vaporization all involve a required temperature or energy for a

By using these microorganisms, we might be able to solve the problem of nuclear wastes contaminating lands and water and negatively affecting the Earth and organisms that have occupied these contaminated areas. Due to uranium being a dangerous soluble radionuclide, nuclear wastes are a growing problem in many countries and finding a microorganism that could change the properties of this radionuclide and convert it into a less harmful substance, could be the key to solving this problem that is affecting the world (Wood,

In the Colorado River in the American Southwest, a solid rocket fuel, ammonium perchlorate, had waste when it is being manufactures and that in causing contamination in drinking water and is also causing contamination in irrigation (water supply to land and crops). This contamination is causing a lot of health problems because the contaminant is being found in vegetables as well. By using microorganisms, perchlorate is being removed from water, since a lot of bacteria need perchlorate to survive and they leave behind harmless chloride

An extensive evaluation of the ecological risk of chlorpyrifos to aquatic environments in North America has been carried out (Giesy et al., 1999). On the other hand, few human health risk assessments (Aponso et al., 2002) on chronic exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos have been conducted.

The effect of metals supplementation on methanogenesis was studied to confirm whether could increase methane production. Ion metals as trace elements were proven to enhance biogas formation during anaerobic oxidation of organic matter [37]. However, its efficiencies are varied and depend on many factors such as the biogas system, inoculum source, metals used, etc. Three concentrations of metals (i.e., Ni, Co, and Fe) at three different concentrations of each metal were tested using granular sludge as inoculum. The metals concentrations that proven that could enhance methanogenesis would be utilized for later experiments with M. barkeri. Since dechlorination by methanogens is believed via co-metabolism pathways, it was assumed that higher methanogenesis activity would result in higher dechlorination rate.

Sulfur which containing amino acids are more abundant in human and cereal proteins than in legume proteins, the ratio of methionine to cysteine in animal proteins is higher than in plant sources. Methionine can assist as a source for cysteine by the trans-sulfuration pathway, while the reverse reaction cannot happen (Baker, 1986), making crucial importance for methionine. In many regions of the world there is elemental sulfur in the soil are low, such as in the United States there is low-sulfur soils are found in the Great Lakes region and Pacific

The genus Dehalococcoides currently consists of at least eight known species (Tas et al. 2010). The two most commonly studied strains are Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain 195 and Dehalococcoides mccartyi strain CBDB1. This genus is in the phylum Chloroflexi. They are of note because of their abilities to dechlorinate various chlorinated compounds including chlorinated solvents, chlorophenols, as well as other chlorinated compounds. This trait is proving very beneficial in the field of bioremediation due to the large number of chlorinated solvents that have been released anthropogenically into the environment from improper storage and disposal of these compounds.

As newly synthesized chemicals are constantly being created, whether for pharmaceutical purposes, agricultural growth or just for the use of commercial products, their adverse effects on the environment, especially in remote places, are often overlooked. Such has been seen with the production of persistent organic pollutants in the mid 1900s, a series of chemicals that were commonly manufactured for the intended uses in agriculture, yet have been found to negatively affect many other sectors in both nature and human health (EPA, 2009). Due to the ‘grasshopping’ effect, the past production of persistent organic pollutants in North America, Europe and Asia have contributed to adverse health effects and biomagnification present in the Arctic regions today.