Cholelithiasis Research Paper

The liver produces bile which contains conjugated bilirubin. It is then sent to the gallbladder, and it has to be excreted properly from there. However, the gallstones are blocking the way, which makes it hard for the bilirubin to get out, and results in a build-up. This leads to jaundice, which occurs when one has and excessive amount of bilirubin.

Bile is a brownish bitter alkaline fluid produced by the liver and made by the hepatocytes from water, bile salts, bile pigments cholesterol and phospholipids and stored in the gall bladder. Bile is directly connected with digestion. It is released sporadically into the small intestine (duodenum) which is part of the gut in order to help digestion. Bile contains chemicals that break down/emulsify fats by dispersing fat globules into small droplets, therefore increasing the surface area, in turn speeding up the reaction. When fats get to the small intestine they

The Cholera Years by Charles E. Rosenberg and A Shopkeeper’s Millennium by Paul E. Johnson initially viewed as two completely different and unrelated books, but upon examination they both deal with the social changes during the mid-nineteenth century and how the American society dealt with those changes. Rosenberg’s book focuses on the epidemics of cholera, primarily in New York City, and how during the three different epidemics society reacted differently to discover the cause and act upon the recommended solutions to combat and deal with the cholera disease. Johnson’s book discusses the early development of the city of Rochester, New York from 1815-1837 and the social reform movements that affected the city during this time period.

Before administration of any medication the patients chart should be looked at and varify that the patient has no allergies that could be related to said treatment or anything similar in their medical history. Also obtaining a baseline set of vitals prior to medication administration

The digestion of lipids occurs mostly in the small intestine, mainly the upper jejunum. Lipases from the pancreas are secreted into the small intestine as a part of pancreatic enzyme and breakdown lipids to fatty acids. Bile salts, created by the liver, enter the duodenum to mix with fatty acids to form micelles. The development of these micelles allows the absorption of fatty acids at intestinal villi. Pancreatic lipase, bile salts and functioning lymphatic channels help break up fat if these are working correctly then steatorrhea

Cholesterol is a compound chemical that contributes to coronary artery disease, which have a various risk factors which includes poor dieting, smoking, and a family medical history. This disease is very high risks, its one which runs in my family, and family history.

The previous prevention methods assumed the absence of cholera in New York City. However, Dr. North considered a situation in which cholera took hold of New York City, as had happened in 1832 and 1849, and asserted methods for prevention during such an epidemic. Personal cleanliness appeared as the paramount method of prevention during an epidemic, “the most careful observance of personal cleanliness, not only of the physician, but of the attendants, and so far as may be of the patients themselves” (North 21). Attention to this type of personal cleanliness followed North’s inclusion of various theories of cholera as a contagion and served to prevent its spread based on the possibility of contagion’s efficacy. North continued by recommending

Seen as impulsive, lacking restraint and medically predisposed to haemorrhage. A choleric person – those with an excess of yellow bile and linked to the liver – is wilful and angry with a tendency towards jaundice, liver and digestive problems. A phlegmatic person – those full of mucus, white bile and

The bile which is produced in the gall bladder can also be part of the problem as a human body needs bile, but if it contains too much of cholesterol in it, that it may result in the development of gallstones more likely.

Bile acids and bile alcohols are the major metabolites product of cholesterol, which collectively termed as cholanoids. Cholanoids also show cross-species variety in chemical structure, ranging from C-27 bile alcohols in the basal vertebrates (e.g. jawless fishes, cartilaginous fish, and amphibians) to C24 bile acids in most reptiles, birds, and mammals ( Haslewoo et al., 1967; Hofmann et al., 2010). C-27 bile alcohols appear to be the main cholanoids in all jawless fish and cartilaginous fish as well as cypriniform fish such as Zebra danio, L Danio rerio. Biosynthesis of C-27 bile alcohols can be occur through intermediate hydroxylation of the side chain of C-27 bile alcohols such as 3α, 7α, 12α- trihyroxy- 5α/β- cholestane (Kuroki et al.,

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. If the gallbladder was damaged or dysfunctional there would be softer and more frequent stools. (Audesirk, T., & Audesirk, G. (1999). Retrieved November 21, 2015 from Chapter 29: Nutrition and Digestion. In Biology: Life on Earth (5th ed., p. 585, 586). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.) (General Surgery- Gallstones (Cholelithiasis). (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2015, from

High cholesterol is one of the most common diseases that occur in today's society. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 71 million American adults have high LDL "bad" cholesterol. When cholesterol levels are normal, they normally do not harm the body since cholesterol can be beneficial to the body. However, if excess amounts of cholesterol are in the body, it can become a threat. "Cholesterol is a waxy substance that plays an important role in building cell membranes and sex hormones" (Overview). The certain types of food you consume on a daily basis may affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. There are two types of cholesterol, which is your HDL (high density lipoprotein), "good", cholesterol, and your LDL (low density lipoprotein), which are the "bad" cholesterol. It is critical that an individual maintains his or her cholesterol levels because he or she can increase their risk of cardiovascular disease. LDLs are known to carry cholesterol into your arteries and clog them, which can cause strokes and heart attacks. On the other hand, HDL, help eliminate cholesterol from the arterial vessels and transport it to the liver, which is then defecated with body waste. According to Sroda, an individual's total cholesterol should be less than 200, LDL levels should be less than 130,

Another factor is rapid weight loss. As the body metabolizes fat during rapid weight loss, it causes the liver to secrete extra cholesterol into bile, which can cause gallstones.

This substance is produced when a human digests lipids or fats. According to Sareen Gropper and Jack Smith’s “Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism” bile is produced through the process of chemically altering cholesterol, which is a type of fat found in a human’s blood. This process takes place in the liver and bile acids are produced. These bile acids are then conjugated or united with taurine and glycine to produce biosurfactants known as bile salts. The existence of bile salts inside of bile gives the substance the capacity to amalgamate lipids and fats with their aqueous (watery) environment inside of the gallbladder. According to Sareen Gropper and Jack Smith’s “Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism” bile is released from its origin (gallbladder) into the small intestine. Through the process of emulsification the bile substance in the small intestine disintegrates fats into much tinier particles which can be digested and absorbed at a much more efficient and quicker rate. This evidently shows that without bile and in turn bile salts the digestion of fats will not be

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder. Inflammation usually forms when a gallstone blocks the cystic duct that transports bile. Cholecystitis is the most common problem resulting from gallbladder stones (90% of the cases).