Essay on Cholera

5. The release of a toxin from the cholera bacteria is what causes people to experience the dreadful symptoms. A negative health concern of killing the cholera at a quick rate is that since the phages will prevent symptoms from increasingly becoming worse, the “dead” cholera in the intestine may sit there for a longer amount of time instead of running straight through the person which may do more damage to the intestine.

1. Models are analogies that allow us to clarify hypotheses—proposed explanation of relationships between. What roles do models play in testing hypotheses?

The humoral model of disease said that disease was caused by an imbalance in one or more of four "humors" or fluids in the body: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Physicians would decide on a treatment based on what they thought was the cause of the

The bacterium creates a specific type of toxin that unlocks chloride channels within the small intestine. As sodium chloride (NaCl) leaves the cells, water then follows, in a characteristic substance inclination to weaken the salt. Water surging out of intestinal cells leaves the body as looseness of the bowels. Cholera opens chloride channels, giving chloride and water a chance to leave cells. The CFTR protein does the opposite, instead of opening the chloride channel, it closes chloride channels preventing water and chloride from leaving the cells. [7] An individual with CF can't contract cholera, in light of the fact that the toxin can't open the chloride diverts in the small intestine. It is truly beneficial that individuals with Cystic fibrosis has an advantage when it comes to cholera, though today cholera has a treatment. Endeavors to stop the spread of cholera have been very successful; nonetheless, a major example of overcoming adversity has been treatment endeavors that have radically diminished mortality during the present pandemic. While cholera used to have a death rate >20%, with the improvement of oral rehydration treatment (ORT), the casualty rate for cholera has dropped to around

Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.

Causes: Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe

Outbreaks of cholera were not isolated to the European and Asian continents, as several major cases within the United States have been recorded back to colonial times. As trade increased with the old world, infected sailors bringing the disease to major port cities, spreading it even further as products became distributed across the nation. Famously documented as one of the most vital turning points for public health medicine within the US, the city of Chicago mirrored what was unfolding in the 1854 London outbreak. Congruent to Snow’s findings, entire families suddenly became severely ill and dying off. As an effort to combat the pestilence, Ellis Chesbrough, an already established railroad engineer, designed a series of sewer systems modeled

Between the 1830’s to 1860’s, cholera spread into the United States from India by trade routes. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by drinking or eating material that is infected with Vibrio cholerae. Cholera causes watery diarrhoea, but can show days later or never show

Fecal-related communicable diseases include cholera, typhoid, dysentery (including Shigellosis), diarrhoea, hookworm, schistosomiasis, filariasis and especially epidemics such as cholera (Ziraba, Haregu, & Mberu, 2016). These fecal matters at fresh state as well as state of decomposition are releasing a

Having Diarrhea for a prolonged amount of time causes dehydration and leads to a loss of electrolytes in the body. This loss causes an imbalance in electrolytes and body and can be fatal. According to Biology, people acquire Cholera by drinking contaminated water which contains human feces and is generally in poorer areas of the world. The bacterium begins by forming a film around the intestines and also produces a toxin. This toxin is an enzyme that modifies the receptors of the cells which constitute the intestines, which happen to regulate salt and water secretion. The toxin which modifies the G-proteins in a cell makes it unable to utilize GTP which keeps the cell in its active form (Campbell,

12 Joaquín Sánchez; Jan Holmgren (February 2011). "Cholera toxin – A foe & a friend" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Research. 133. p. 158.

Harris, J. B., LaRocque, R. C., Qadri, F., Ryan, E. T., & Calderwood, S. B. (2012). Cholera. Lancet, 379(9835), 2466–2476. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X

Water-borne diseases are caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites. These pathogens are spread through the feces or urine of an infected individual (africaneeds). The most common diseases are cholera, guinea worm and typhoid. People can easily contract these diseases if there is no system of sewage collection and treatment. In fact, almost 2.5 billion people worldwide do not have access to adequate sanitation (UN water). Climate change can also impact the water crisis in Africa. Water is necessary for survival, and when areas get

Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are

In October 2016, the intensity of the disease became dire in the wake of Hurricane Matthew. Cases per day increased from seventy-five to over two hundred (Beaubien). It has spread so quickly because fresh water sources are damaged, and thousands of people are displaced and living in close quarters with poor sanitary conditions. Many live in tent cities, which are extremely crowded and filthy. Since its initial outbreak six years ago in Haiti, over 800,000 people have been infected and more than 9,000 have died from cholera. Haitians use filthy water from rivers to cook and drink because they cannot afford clean water. The majority of the fresh water sources became contaminated after Hurricane Matthew swept through, so thousands more became sick. About seventy percent of the population does not have a way to obtain safe drinking water (Sentlinger). Once a person is contaminated with cholera, symptoms appear within a few days. The body’s cells cannot absorb fluid, so four to five gallons of fluid are lost each day in diarrhea or vomiting. Additionally, electrolytes, which stabilize blood pressure, rid the body of metabolic waste, and control blood sugar levels leave the body. If not treated quickly, death may “result from dehydration… with a fatality rate of over sixty percent,” but with treatment, the mortality rate is less than one percent (“Cholera”). Cholera does not have to remain endemic in