Cholera Outbreak in Haiti

Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.

The main public health problem Haiti is facing now is how can it provide protection from the disease and prevent further epidemics from occurring? As a developing country it is difficult to produce the funds necessary for treatment and prevention that are readily available in other parts of the world. Expunging certain practices from its communities also poses a challenge because the

It is estimated that 3 to 5 million cases of cholera occur worldwide annually, and 100, 000 to 120,000 of these result in death (Fisher et al., 2014). In comparison, the cholera outbreak started on October 21, 2010 and three months later more than 4,000 people were reportedly killed and about 217,000 infected stated Tuite et al., (2011). Two years later, more than half a million were infected and about 75 hundred people died (Schilling et al., 2013). The cholera epidemic was triggered by the contamination of the Artibonite River (the main river system of Haiti) and one of its tributaries downstream from a military camp (Haus-Cheymol et al., 2012). Within the first month, cholera had spread not only to all regions of Haiti but also to the neighboring, Dominican Republic, with which Haiti shares the island of

After US occupation, the Haitian government was in a state of unrest with political oppression, violence, and several coups. The UN began bringing in peacekeepers to help improve the political situation in 1994 and today the Republic of Haiti has its own functioning government, with President Michel Martelly at the head (Krasnoff 2013). Since the slave revolution that led to the country’s independence over 200 years ago, Haiti has remained deep in debt; it wasn’t until 20 years ago that there was a fully functional government, which to this day still has its fair share of corruption. With all this in mind, it’s no wonder that Haiti has been hit hard by many disasters, including the outbreak of cholera (Krasnoff, 2013). The country does not have the money to help provide treatment for those infected, sanitation, and clean drinking water outside of the main cities where many of its citizens live. The young government has not yet been able to organize a system to help its

First of all, according to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) it states,”Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by intestine with the bacterium vibrio cholerae.” In other words, cholera is a disease that starts on the inside of your body by germs. Another fact of Cholera is,”Approximately one in 10 (5-10%) infected persons will have severe disease characterized by profuse watery diarrhea,

Cholera is a bacterial infection spread through contaminated water or food and causes disease with a rapid onset of diarrhea.

In Haiti, public water systems do not exist and clean water is often inaccessible to the poor. Haitians who want clean water will have to purchase water purification tablets which can pose a challenge for buying other items such as food, medicine and other necessities. Often times, Haitians will choose to not buy the purification tablets and drink the same water that they use to bathe, grow their crops, and even use as a toilet. Access to potable water has decreased in Haiti over the last 25 years and 81% of Haitians living in rural areas do not have access to basic sanitation. Cholera, a disease that hit Haiti in 2010 after the earthquake, is a deadly bacterial disease that spreads through dirty water. that In 2014, Haiti had the most registered cases of cholera per population in the

“Three years after the devastating earthquake took the lives of 200,000 Haitians, displaced millions more and disrupted the public health infrastructure of the country, two new public health buildings opened in the country’s capital city of Port-au-Prince with funding by the CDC Foundation and several other partners including the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the GE Foundation and Kaiser Permanente.” (RWJF, 2013) Since Haiti needs a permanent, modern health care facility that can respond to the medical needs and be staffed by Haitians, these new facilities will help improve public health by providing vaccinations and exams to keep the population healthy. If the population is healthy they can assist in the rebuilding of the country, continue to provide for their families and strive for a better

The cholera toxin is produced by the cholera bacteria Vibrio cholera. The toxin attaches itself to receptors on the cells that make up the small intestines. In doing so, cyclic AMP (cAMP) is activated and there is also an increase in the number of cAMP molecules within the cell. A special chloride ion channel called CTFR normally allows chloride ions flow out of the cell, leading to a higher concentration of chloride ions outside the cell. But when CTFR channels are activated by cAMP, they stay open and the negatively charged chloride ions within the intestinal cells move

Cholera, when it is treated properly, is not a major threat. However, when it is left untreated

The purpose of the case-control study is to assess some of the factors that came in to play with the epidemic of cholera in Haiti. This study took place during December 15-19, 2010.The sample size consisted of 53 case-group and 106 controls-group. The median age for both groups were 29. The case was defined as a person 5-year-old or older admitted to the Haitian group for study of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic infections (CHESKIO) to the cholera treatment center (CTC) in Cite’ de Dieu slum after November 1, 2010. The enumerators administrated a questionnaire to the patient or their caregivers to gather demographic, clinical, and treatment information. The questionnaire also included information on food and beverage exposure, water,

coli and Campylobacter.According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.It is pretty much the same story with E.coli as well,it caused 46 hospitalization and 3 deaths during 2009-2010.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes a type of intestinal sickness termed voyager 's looseness of the bowels (diarrhea), which influences almost every populace around the world. As a rule, this illness is self-restricting in healthy adult, despite the fact that antibiotics are regularly recommended. Notwithstanding traveller’s diarrhea, ETEC can bring about illness side effects clinically indistinct from cholera created by Vibrio cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted to be no less than 400,000 ETEC-related deaths in children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strains are firmly identified with various confines taken from pigs experiencing diarrhea, with both sorts of ETEC sharing various pathogenic elements and destructiveness elements, including heat labile enterotoxin (LT). On the other hand, human and porcine ETECs show strong host tendencies that are comprehended to be because of the statement of fimbriae with particular tropisms.

Salmonella causes illness in humans. It’s food- Associate in Nursing water-borne infective that media to which may simply unfold in a very population an example is, outbreaks of illness will occur by contamination of a dish. The illness could also be controlled by antibiotics, drug resistant and hyper virulent strains square measure powerful to fight. Strains at an equivalent time, proof against seven antibiotics exist. Thereafter, understanding the thought of virulence determinants and their response to medication may be a crucial feature of dominant infection. Enteric causes a general typhoid-like an illness in mice. Salmonella, that's answerable for human communicable disease, has restricted host specificity. It cannot be studied in

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the