Cholera Outbreak in South India in Association with Religious Gathering

1. The Europeans poured have poured something into the water which sterilized the water and killed the toxins that become disruptive in the digestive system when they are consumed. They Europeans may have poured what are called oral rehydration salts into the well, which quickly works are combatting the cholera, and will prevent further outbreaks from occurring.

3. Epidemiologists often draw causal webs to illustrate the interrelationships among biological, social, and environmental variables that contribute to disease outbreak. Based on what you have learned so far, what variables should be included in a causal web for cholera?

Some of the most emerging and re-emerging agents of the waterborne diseases are; Cholera which is caused by the ingestion of water that is infected by Vibrio Cholerae. This is a painless form of diarrhea characterized by watery stool. Dysentery which is caused by Escherichia Coli. Typhoid that is caused by Salmonella typhi which is usually accompanied by fever is yet another disease. Gastroenteritis diseases caused by Giardia and Cryptosporodia and some species of hepatitis are also known to be caused by water (CDC, 2011). These disease causing agents find their way into the human body through infected water that people from the poorer communities in Uganda use and have no option of cleaner water.

Using the information found in the Gram Negative Enteric Baccilli and Gram Positive Cocci Reference books,

Coffin marks were found on the grave and when someone has cholera they are buried quickly with no or little funeral as the disease is contagious spreading rapidly. Also it is not likely at all that each and everyone died due to

Causes: Cholera is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria releases a toxin that causes increased release of water from cells in the intestines, which produces severe

Between the 1830’s to 1860’s, cholera spread into the United States from India by trade routes. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by drinking or eating material that is infected with Vibrio cholerae. Cholera causes watery diarrhoea, but can show days later or never show

Having Diarrhea for a prolonged amount of time causes dehydration and leads to a loss of electrolytes in the body. This loss causes an imbalance in electrolytes and body and can be fatal. According to Biology, people acquire Cholera by drinking contaminated water which contains human feces and is generally in poorer areas of the world. The bacterium begins by forming a film around the intestines and also produces a toxin. This toxin is an enzyme that modifies the receptors of the cells which constitute the intestines, which happen to regulate salt and water secretion. The toxin which modifies the G-proteins in a cell makes it unable to utilize GTP which keeps the cell in its active form (Campbell,

Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea and vomiting that can lead to dehydration, shock, and death. We chose this topic because the highly publicized earthquake that occurred in Haiti in 2010 played a large role in the cholera epidemic that arose 8 months after the earthquake. Since the earthquake, there have been over 470,000 confirmed cases of cholera (Cholera -Vibrio Cholerae Infection 2014). Cholera persists there because of the poor sanitary conditions and the unprotected drinking water facilities that have been contaminated by the bacteria. Fixing the issue of cholera in Haiti requires a three-part approach such as vaccinations, water filtration and education. Using our needs assessment, in

Water-borne diseases are caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites. These pathogens are spread through the feces or urine of an infected individual (africaneeds). The most common diseases are cholera, guinea worm and typhoid. People can easily contract these diseases if there is no system of sewage collection and treatment. In fact, almost 2.5 billion people worldwide do not have access to adequate sanitation (UN water). Climate change can also impact the water crisis in Africa. Water is necessary for survival, and when areas get

Cholera remains a drastically severe disease, killing hundreds of people each outbreak. When ingested, it attaches to the mucosal lining of the intestines and disrupts the normal flow of ions so that there is more sodium, chloride, and water in the intestinal lumen than normal and results in massive diarrhea. Cholera has made a global impact and been endemic in almost all parts of the world. Cholera control strongly emphasizes sanitation, clean drinking water, isolation, and careful food preparation. Two ways our body works against cholera as a self-limiting disease are sloughing cells and the secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) antibody produced by mucus throughout our body. There are

Although my family is fortunate to always have running water in their homes, a large population of Kenya’s women and children devote their days to fetching clean water from scarce fresh water sources to bring back to their homes. Along with water shortage, water pathogens are an ongoing issue in Kenya, as the people have been left unprotected against recurrent epidemics such as parasitic worms and cholera through the country’s running water.

Vibrio is a rod shaped bacteria that are also gram negative. They naturally appear in marine or estuarine environments. Also to note there are around about 12 species vibrio that have been known to cause diseases in humans which cause around about an estimated 80,000 illnesses, 500 hospitalizations and 100 deaths ever year in the US. The main reason that people get infected by vibrio is from coming into contact with seawater or through consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Vibriosis usually causes primary septicaemia (blood poisoning), diarrhoea, wound infections, or other extra intestinal infections. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a strain of vibrio that has a rod shaped is usually found in saltwater and if ingested can causes gastrointestinal

Vibrio cholerae is a "comma" shaped Gram-negative bacteria with a single, polar flagellum for movement. There are numerous strains of V. cholerae, some of which are pathogenic and some of which are not. V. cholerae is a facultative anaerobic organism and was first isolated as the cause of cholera by an Italian anatomist Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch, working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. The entire genome contains two circular chromosomes. Chromosome 1 has 2.961.149 base pairs with 2.770 open reading frames and chromosome 2 has 1.072.315 base pairs, with 1.115 open reading frames. It is the larger first chromosome that contains the crucial genes for toxicity, regulation of toxicity and important cellular functions, such as transcription and translation.The second chromosome is determined to be different from a plasmid or megaplasmid due to the inclusion of housekeeping and other essential genes in the genome, including essential genes for metabolism, heat-shock proteins and 16S rRNA genes, which are ribosomal sub-unit genes used to track evolutionary relationships between bacteria. Also relevant in determining if the replicon is a chromosome is whether it represents a significant percentage of the genome, and chromosome 2 is 40% by size of the entire genom.(fig 1)

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the