1. Models are analogies that allow us to clarify hypotheses—proposed explanation of relationships between. What roles do models play in testing hypotheses?
Models provide the physical testing and proof of a hypothesis by exploring the extent to which the two factors relate within the given hypothesis. It puts a theory into action, to see if the theory is corrected causes and effects.
2. What did the humoral model of disease propose as the cause for cholea?
The humoral model of disease said that disease was caused by an imbalance in one or more of four "humors" or fluids in the body: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Physicians would decide on a treatment based on what they thought was the cause of the
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2. Why weren’t Snows ideas about cholera accepted at this early date? 3. Explain why cholera outbreaks are more consistent with contamination of water than air. 4. Given that cholera outbreaks are more consistent with contamination of water that air, why did the miasma model persist? 5. How did Snow’s experimental research on anesthesia help him design a new model for the cause of cholera? 6. Why would evidence of cholera in people living side by side, differing only in water supply, provide critical evidence? 7. When was the germ theory of disease proposed, and on what basis?
Part three:
1. Why was it useful to be able to verify the source of the water? 2. Why would a neighborhood served by two different water companies be more useful for testing Snow’s hypothesis than two neighborhoods each with their own source? 3. Epidemiologists often draw causal webs to illustrate the interrelationships among biological, social, and environmental variables that contribute to disease outbreak. Based on what you have learned so far, what variables should be included in a causal web for cholera? 4. Snow considered his conclusions about cholera to be inferences from observations whereas the reviewer from the medical journal considered these to be conjectures. What is the difference between inference and conjecture?
Part four:
1. The basic questions of epidemiology focus on the
1. The Europeans poured have poured something into the water which sterilized the water and killed the toxins that become disruptive in the digestive system when they are consumed. They Europeans may have poured what are called oral rehydration salts into the well, which quickly works are combatting the cholera, and will prevent further outbreaks from occurring.
In characterizing scientific research, Barry chooses specific diction that has strong connotations so as to create the greatest effect by contrasting them. His juxtaposition of the words “certainty” and “uncertainty” serve a twofold purpose in the context of this piece. The first is to emphasize the fearfulness and timidity associated with uncertainty. Secondly, it serves to exhibit
1. Models are analogies that allow us to clarify hypotheses—proposed explanations of relationships between causes and effects. What roles do models play in testing hypotheses?
air.(11)The infected to be those who were poor or already ill.(10)The plague still is here
3. What is the connection between other Vector-Borne diseases and the Black Plague that took millions of lives in the past?
The second thing I researched was the spread of both the black plague and AIDS. The way that the black plague spread was that the bacteria was carried by fleas on rats then to people then it spread from person to person. The way that AIDS spreads is through the transfer of bodily fluids to another person such as giving birth, sharing needles, and having unprotected sex. I have decided that
Whitehead’s personality allows him to transcend class barriers. Snow uses many techniques to produce his mapping of the cholera epidemic. He uses scientific reasoning to conclude that the cholera epidemic is caused by “something” that is ingested by victims through contact with waste matter that is in the contaminated drinking water. Snow used controlled studies, which form the basis of the scientific method. He also did investigative work by interviewing the local people involved with the help of Whitehead.
This information will help investigators indicate or rule out other components that may be involved and locate the source and cause of the epidemic.
This method was devised to test whether such liquid as the only supply fluid cause physical disturbance or death within 6 to 12 days. They were so desperate for water they waited for the freshly mopped floors to get water by licking them.
42. An outbreak of typhoid fever, caused by the Salmonella Typhi Bacterium, is most likely to occur after?
John Snow linked a cholera outbreak in London to contaminated water from the Thames River. His method for investigating the cholera outbreak in 1849 was using the natural experiment. The Natural Experiment is still used today in the study of environmental health problems. Snow also provided expert witness testimony on behalf of potential disease agents. Thus, he attempted to extrapolate from the health effects of exposure of the high doses would be. In 1855, he tried to introduce to the British Parliament the Nuisances Removal and Disease Prevention Amendments bill. The bill was reformed of Victorian public health legislation that followed the 1854 cholera, in which Snow’s argument was the deleterious health effects from the low levels of exposure
The following information is a CDC information factsheet about cholera and how to remedy the problem The CDC has teamed up with Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to develop a safe water system to address the global burden of diarrheal disease which protects households from contaminated water by promoting behavior change and providing affordable
What creates the cholera to spread among the people? This would include many different things such as if the person or people look ill and if maybe that person or those people are already infected. Secondly, it could be the hygiene of a place, contamination of water supply, and how about sewage disposal. There are many things to consider when an outbreak of a disease occurs. To control the cholera disease, there was some improvement on sanitation
Now, after looking at the epidemic process flow diagram, we can plunge into the mathematics of the initial model.
To investigate this hypothesis, data had to be generated to employ the standardization method. In collaboration with investigators at the University of Utah and the icddr,b (International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh), the serum of 45 and 30 cholera patients from Haiti and South Sudan were analyzed by vibriocidal against the V. cholerae strains PIC018 Inaba and PIC018 Ogawa with a serially diluted monoclonal antibody standard. By running part of the cohort at MGH, I developed a proficiency in the vibriocidal assay. I then analyzed the titers