Chris McCandless, Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

“There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil” -Ralph Waldo Emerson in Self Reliance. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a transcendentalist. Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that originated in the 19th century and was primarily influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Transcendentalists’ main beliefs are: self-reliance is essential to one’s life, nature is divine, every person should have an optimistic outlook, and humanity needs to adhere to their personal morals and beliefs. In today’s world we still see a multitude of the beliefs of transcendentalism.

Henry Thoreau loved the simplicity of living in the wilderness, just as much as McCandless did, however he loved just to stay put. Thoreau wanted to uncage himself from the outside world and the interferences it had with him living a “full” life. Thoreau thought

Thoreau views being individualist is essential in life and important for people to adopt. Further, Thoreau states that the only way to not conform is to follow individual eagerness, and not necessarily living in the woods "as simple and natural" as he once did, but carrying out the simplicity of personal will (Thoreau, Walden 195). He believes people must listen to themselves more than others and not be ashamed to aid to callings different from the majority. The over arching idea of nonconformity is pursuing and "[advancing] confidently in the direction of [one's] dreams" as not everyone can succeed following the same path, there must be individuals willing to branch out and stand alone (Thoreau, Walden 204). Individualism in Thoreau's world is just as it is today, Transcendentalists share the opinion that living

An influential literary movement in the nineteenth century, transcendentalism placed an emphasis on the wonder of nature and its deep connection to the divine. As the two most prominent figures in the transcendentalist movement, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau whole-heartedly embraced these principles. In their essays “Self-Reliance” and “Civil Disobedience”, Emerson and Thoreau, respectively, argue for individuality and personal expression in different manners. In “Self-Reliance”, Emerson calls for individuals to speak their minds and resist societal conformity, while in “Civil Disobedience” Thoreau urged Americans to publicly state their opinions in order to improve their own government.

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and literary movement that has major themes of nature and spirituality while going against society and materialistic things. Christopher McCandless is a Transcendentalist in every sense of the word. The young adventurer, who is the main character in Jon Krakauer's nonfiction text Into the Wild, travels throughout North America, following three main Transcendentalist ideals: the disconnection of society, a minimalist lifestyle, and a reverence for both God and nature.

Throughout his life, Chris McCandless shows multiple examples of transcendental actions. McCandless does what he wants and does not care what people think about him. Chris McCandless would set up tents and live away from society because it was where he was happiest. As a child, McCandless did not like playing with other children. He preferred to be alone and entertain himself. Chris McCandless did not like to wear socks; he felt confined in them. He demonstrated Transcendentalism through reduce dependence on property, self-reliance, and nonconformity.

When asked, “What is wrong with you?” he snaps, “It’s not my fault!” The way he speaks out shows that the reason for his disobedience is in fact his own mother. The entire situation represents modern Transcendentalism. It mirrors Thoreau who also had a problem, but instead with a corrupt government. In response, what did Thoreau do? He protested by refusing to pay his taxes, therefore getting him the attention he needed to show there was an issue. Like Thoreau said, it’s best for one to protest when in attempt to emphasize a point or bring notice to a problem. If there is a problem, the worst one could do would be to sit passively. “A wise man will not leave the right to the mercy of chance … The only obligation which I have … is to do at any time what I think right” (Thoreau “Civil Disobedience”). In other words, Thoreau believes that if one does not agree with something, then one should not follow along with it. Subsequently, Max runs away, becomes an outcast, and gains the trait of self-reliance. In the essay “Self-Reliance,” Transcendentalist Emerson believes self-reliance is a benefit; “It is easy in the world to live after in the world’s opinion … but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowds keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude ... The only right is what is after my constitution, the only wrong is what is against it”. His thinking concludes that a man must trust

Transcendentalism, or the belief that there is a direct connection between a man’s individual soul and nature, was a very avant-garde movement throughout its peak; although now, American society continues to grow increasingly distant from it. These ideals are reflected in the works of Henry David Thoreau and Jon Krakauer, as well as the life of Chris McCandless. Throughout Thoreau’s novel Walden he distinctly preaches the belief that in society, men have become more focused on work and material possessions than life’s simple pleasures and freedoms. In the same manner, Krakauer and McCandless both draw inspiration from Thoreau, and ultimately share spiritual experiences throughout their adventures, both seeking to find life’s true purpose. Although many will argue that transcendental ideas and culture are outdated and have no place in today’s humanity, transcendentalism itself, and the ideals possessed by Henry David Thoreau and Chris McCandless have played a major role in American society, in that they appeal to the spiritual side of every man, which accredits to the belief that only life’s bare necessities are required in order to live a fulfilled life. However, it is unfeasible to live a transcendental lifestyle in today’s insatiable, consumerist society.

Similar to Thoreau, McCandless does not associate being in solitude to being lonesome. Throughout his journey, McCandless avoids forming close bonds with others because it distracts him from his final goal of independence and transcendentalism. This lack of intimate relationships frees McCandless as seen through the journal entry he wrote before walking into the Alaskan Bush. He writes proudly that for two years he has roamed with no company and no comforts. He calls it, “Ultimate freedom” (Krakauer 163). The fact that he considers it more of a freedom than a loss to live in solidarity shows that like Thoreau, McCandless does not feel lonely when he is alone. According to his sister, Carine, even when he was younger, he was fine with being alone. She said that although he had friends, he could easily entertain himself and never seemed lonely when he was alone. Another instance in which McCandless’s dissociation of solitude and loneliness shows is in a letter he writes to Ron Franz, a man he met near Salton City. In this letter, he tells Franz to step outside his comfort zone and live a more adventurous life. Towards the end of the letter, he states, “You are wrong if you think Joy emanates only or principally from human relationships,” (Krakauer 57). This approach is how he is not lonely in solitude; he is capable of finding joy in things other than human contact.

McCandless exhibits the transcendental tenet of nonconformity in his actions throughout his journey. First, McCandless did not connect with society, because he hated that people were left to die. He believed in equality, a transcendental ideal, so when his car broke down on his road trip to Alaska “he abandoned it in the Arizona desert” (4). He then proceeded “to bury most of his worldly possessions in the parched earth of Detrital Wash and then ... burned his last remaining cash” (4). These acts signify that he refuses to be materialistic and conform to society standards, but he chooses to live by his own morals. Second, in the movie, McCandless visits a bar with his coworkers where he explains his dislike of society. He says, “Society, man! You

What is transcendentalism? How is Christopher J. McCandless a transcendentalist? Transcendentalism is a philosophy, and a way of life. It consists of being a non-conformist, becoming one with nature, and rejecting materialism. Throughout Jon Krakauer’s novel, Into The Wild, McCandless happens to achieve all of the above. “Whoso would be a man, must be a non-conformist” (Emerson). He defied society, lived in the wild, and never cared about “things”. He existed off the land in Alaska, the west coast, and even Mexico. McCandless did not want anything else in life but happiness; he found this in the wilderness.

Chris McCandless left all that he had back home to go on this long transcendental trip to the Alaskan wilds that he thought he would find out who he is. He left behind family, friends, college, burned his money, and his life. When he left he did so without saying anything to his family and changes his name so he can truly start over. During his trip he has had many hardships and points where he should have died, but he kept going on in the end to reach his end goal of reaching Alaska and a goal he managed to complete, but it would not last long as in August of 1992 Chris died from starvation, but one question arose from his story. Was he truly transcendental? Some believe he was and other do not, it is sometimes up to opinion to decide whether he was or not, but you must first must understand what transcendentalism is before you can decide whether or not Chris McCandless was a transcendental person or not. The key things to know about transcendentalism is its core beliefs, those who “found” transcendentalism and their differences, and how these beliefs from these founders differed from what McCandless did during his transcendental trip. So, did Chris McCandless leave everything behind to become transcendental and die as a transcendentalist or was he a fool that left home because he was a rebellious person who ended up dying alone in a bus in the middle of the Alaskan wilds?

To begin with, McCandless did not present the slightest interest in religion. An issue is created here due to the fact that religion was a large portion of the transcendental movement. Transcendentalists believed that there is a unity between nature and God; That one may discover God through immersing themselves in nature. They also held the belief that God is present in each individual; That humans as a whole form God because a fragment of Him is within each human being. Christopher McCandless did not share these beliefs.

“Not until we are lost do we begin to understand ourselves.” Henry David Thoreau stood behind the fact that all change is a miracle that happens in every instant. World travel has the potential to introduce an individual to the various miracles that life has to offer through aspects like culture, scenery, and language. In fact, there is a psychological concept that goes by the name of the “Big Five.” The number five refers to the five most dominant characteristics of personality: openness, extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness. Meeting new people and exposing oneself with new culture is one of is an activity that is one of the main contributors to the openness factor of personality which in turn has a domino effect on the remaining four characteristics (“5 Ways…”). That being said, by travelling the world an individual is able to become more adventurous and well rounded.

McCandless speaks and acts nearly exactly how well established transcendentalist speak and act. Ralph Waldo Emerson, who led the transcendentalist movement during the mid-19th century, believe that “the only person you are destined to become is the person you decide to be” (Ralph Waldo Emerson). One cannot deny that McCandless absolutely refuses to let anyone shape his life and destiny other than himself. He not only constantly fights against the grain of society, but rather leaves it entirely. When he began his societal departure, “he intended to invent an utterly new life for himself... free to wallow in unfiltered experience... he even adopted a new name... he was now Alexander Super-tramp, master of his own destiny”(Krakauer 23). This adaptation of a new name shows that both well known transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson, and McCandless, believe that destiny is what you make of it; what you decide, and no one else. Transitively, this shared core belief with transcendentalism that ultimately directs McCandless’s entire lifestyle in the years leading to his death, validates beyond doubt that McCandless’s guiding philosophy is in fact